PEACH

History

1857

Population: 1.26 Billion*

Archaeology: Sir Charles T Newton discovers remains of the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus
Entertainment: Writers include George Borrow, Charles Baudelaire, Bjornstjerne Bjornston, George Eliot, Thomas Hughes, Dinah Bulock, Adalbert Stifter, Thackeray, Anthony Trollope, Henry T Buckle (history of England), Ernest Renan (religious history), Flaubert (Madame Bovary), Trollope publishes Barchester Towers, Scottish explorer David Livingstone publishes account of journey across Africa
Art includes Millet "The Gleaners", Currier and Ives publish prints
Music includes Liszt,
Politics: Treaty of Paris between Britain and Persia
Science: Pasteur proves that fermentation is caused by living organisms
Technology: Otis installs first safety elevator
Attempt at transatlantic cable
Simple sewing machine patented by James Gibbs
Toilet paper invented
Deaths: Poet Manuel Jose Quintana, Sculptor Christian Daniel Rauch, Politician John Wilson Croker, Diplomat Louis McLane, Poet Joseph von Eichendorff, Composer Carl Czerny, Poet Alfred de Musset, Philosopher Auguste Comte, Composer Mikhail I Glinka

General: Xhosa tribe of South Africa believed their ancestors would return this year to aveng them of the white people. They killed their cattle and grain in anticipation – 1/3 of the people starve

China: Royal Navy and French destroy Chinese fleet – relief of Lucknow – Britian and France take over Canton and open all ports
India: Bullets greased with pig and cow fat starts military mutiny of Hindus and Moslems
Sepoy rebellion - Mutiny shakes British rule - rebellion suppressed - Siege of Delhi, Lucknow and Kanpur
First Indian doctors graduate in Agra
Japan: Earthquake and following fire cyclone kill 107,000

General: Financial and economic crisis throughout Europe caused by speculation in US railroad shares
North German Lloyd founded (transatlantic ship company)
Great Britain: National Portrait Gallery in London opened
Victoria and Albert Museum opens in London, (Museum of Ornamental Art until 1899)
Charles Halle founds concerts in Manchester
Alpine Club in London founded
Matrimonial Causes Act in Britain
Science Museum in South Kensington founded
Monster of Loch Arkalg seen in Scotland (horselike)
Italy: Earthquake in Naples kills 10,000 est. 6.9
Garibaldi forms Italian National Association for unification of the country
Portugal: Yellow Fever outbreak
Russia: Czar Alexander II begins the emancipation of serfs

Afghanistan: Invasion leads to end of war between Persia and Britain
Persia: Peace of Paris ends Anglo-Persian war – Shah recognizes independence of Afghanistan