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> \ wD + + + & & J J N D J J N 1650 Drought in W Central AFR, Portuguese clash with Muslims in Zambezi region, Ethiopia expels Portuguese missionaries and diplomats, Dutch prosperity leads to new achievements in art, Scottish royalists routed by Cromwell at Battle of Dunbar, Cyclone hits Basserette Antilles killing thousands, Phineas Fletcher the English poet dies, death of Rene Descartes, death of English poet Richard Crashaw, Mazarin allies himself with leaders of first Fronde in France, Cromwell forms permanent economic council, Marquis of Montrose the Scottish Royalist general executed, Charles II lands in Scotland, Treaty of Nuremberg between HRE and Sweden amplifies Peace of Westphalia, Dutch and English agree about respective frontiers of their N American colonies, Corneille writes Andromede tragedy, death of English poet Phineas Fletcher, Andreas Gryphius writes satirical comedy about state of Germany, beginning of Japanese development of No dramas, Joost van den Vondel writes Manual of Dutch Poetry, Richard Baxter writes The Saints Everlasting Rest, death of Rene Descartes, Matthew Hale writes analysis of civil law, Thomas Hobbes writes about moral and political law, Gilles Menage writes new French dictionary, James Ussher writes chronology world starts in 4004 BC, Bernini creates Palazzo di Montecitorio, Murillo paints The Holy Family with the Little Bird, Poussin paints Self-Portrait, Jan van Goyen paints View of Dordrecht, Beginning of modern harmony in music, Athanasius Kircher writes about musical theory, overtures emerge in music with two types French and Italian, Harvard College granted charter, death of German astronomer Jesuit and opponent of Galileo dies, first coffee house opens in England at Oxford, First fiacres in Paris, Leather upholstery used for furniture, World population estimated at 500 million, George Fox (Quaker) says I bid them tremble when they hear the word of the Lord starting the term Quakers, start of extermination of N American Indians, Tea first drunk in England, Sir Richard Waeston the English agriculturalist encourages cultivation of turnips, Ann Green charged with murder of her baby and she is hung, beaten and jumped on, but she lives and was pardoned, CT gives slavery recognition, Hermann Busembaum proposes the end justifies the means, Archbishop James Ussher of Ireland calculates life began on Sunday Oct 23 1004 BC,
1651 death of German composer Heinrich Albert, Charles II crowned King of Scots flees to France, Parliament votes for release of Conde the Fronde leader Mazarin forced to leave Paris Wueen forced to ally herself with the Fronde against him, Treaty between Czar Alexis I and the Cossacks, Louis XIV gains majority in France, English Navigation Act direted against the Dutch gives English ships monopoly of foreign trade, Yetuna the new shogun of Japan overcomes two rebellions in Edo, William Cartwright writes poems, John Cleveland writes poems, first public Comedy-house in Vienna, Sir William Davenant writes romantic epic poem, Calderon becomes a priest, John Donnes Essays in Divinity published posthumously, Thomas Hobbes writes defense of absolute monarchy, Jeremy Taylor writes Rule and Exercises of Holy Dying, Paulus Potter paints Landscape with Cows, Rembrandt paints Girl with a Broom, Teniers paints Village Feast, death of German composer Heinrich Albert, Young King Louis XIV of France appears as a dancer in a court ballet, Dutch settle at Cape of Good Hope, Mazarins library closed by order of Parlement of France, Italian astronomer Giovanni Riccioli introduces his map of the moon, Division of publisher and printer begins in book trade, boys prohibited from acting in kabuki theater in Japan, Thomas Hobbes writes Leviathan arguing that people need to surrender rights to absolute authority, Thomas Hobbes "Leviathan"
1652 RI enacts slavery law that limits slavery to ten years, Dutch found Cape Town, South Africa, Start of first Dutch war with England, death of English architect Inigo Jones, death of Italian tenor and composer Gregorio Allegri, death of John Cotton the American religious writer, death of Juesepe de Ribera (Lo Spagnoletto) the Spanish painter, English parliament passes Act of Pardon and Oblivion to reconcile Royalists, English defeat Dutch at Battle of the Downs off Folkestone before they declare war, Provisional Fronde government set up in Paris, Louis XIV reestablishes lawful government recalling Mazarin, Maine joined to MA Bay Company, Governor William Stone of Maryland deprived of office by Cromwells commissioners, Corneille writes tragedy, Johann Lauremberg writes comic poems in low German, Jean-Louis Guez de Balzac writes religious dialogues, John Donnes Paradoxes and Problems published posthumously, Hayashi Shunsai writes history of Japan, Gerrard Winstanley writes political treatise, Carel Fabritius paints View of Delft, Adriaen van Ostade paints Cottage Dancers, Rembrandt paints Portrait of Hendrickje, John Hilton collects rounds and cannons in music, Minuet comes into fashion in French court, First opera house in Vienna, Imperial German Academy of naturalists founded at Schweinfurt, German scientist Otto von Guericke invents air pump, First London coffee house openes in St. Michaels Alley at Cornhill, Society of Friends (Quakers) founded
1653 End of The Frondes revolts against Mazarins rule in France, Protectorate of Oliver Cromwell in Britain, death of Dutch painter Simon de Vlieger, Ferdinand IV becomes King of the Romans, End of second Froned of France, Great Elector abolishes the estates ans establishes standing army, Oliver Cromwell becomes Lord Protector, English defeat Dutch off Portland North Foreland and Texel, Peasants revolt in Bern under Nikolaus Leunberg, Chethams Library in Manchester founded, Moliere writes LEtourdi comedy, James Naylor the English Quaker thought by some to be new messiah, Blaise Pascal joins the Jansenists at Port-Royal, London Polyglot Bible edited by Brian Walton 10 languages, Francesco Borromini creates S. Agnese in Rome, death of Dutch painter of seascapes Simon de VLieger, Peter Lely paints Oliver Cromwell, Jacog van Ruisdael paints Schloss Bentheim, Gerard Terborch paints The Dispatch, Jan van Goyen paints View of the Rhine, Matthew Lockes music for Dupid and Death written, Lully made director of les petits-violins du roi, death of French physician and philanthropist Theophraste Renaudot, German surgeons writings on surgical instruments and procedures published posthumously, Izaal Walton writes about angling, First letter boxes in Paris, Oliver Cromwell is Lord Protector of England
1654 End reign of Queen Christina of Sweden abdicates upon conversion to Catholicism Cousin Charles X rules, End of first Dutch war of England, Portuguese drive Dutch out of Brazil, death of Jean Lemercier the French architect, Treaty of Westminster ends Anglo-Sutch war Dutch recognize navigation act, Treaty of Commerce between England and Sweden, Coronation of Louis XIV at Rheims, death of Swedish statesman Axel Oxenstierna, first English Protectorate Parliament meets, War between Russia and Poland Russia takes Smolensk, Portuguese drive Dutch out of Brazil, Augustin Moreto y Cabana writes Spanish comedy, George Chapman writes tragedy, Savinien Cyrano de Bergerac writes comedy, Madeleine de Scudery writes romances, Moliere writes comedies, Joost van den Vondel writes drama, John Webster writes tragedy, Johann Amos Comenius publishes first picture book for children, John Milton writes philosophy, Pieter de Hooch paints Delft after the Explosion, Carel Fabritius paints The Linnet death of French architect Jean Lemercier, Rembrandt paints Portrait of Jan Six, John Webb creates Lamport Hall in England, death of German composer and organist Samuel Scheidt, Blaise Pascal and Pierre de Fermat state theory of probability, ENtailor fee tail after Spanish model introduced in Germany signifying interest in land rights
1655 English capture Jamaica from Spanish, death of Daniel Heinsius the Dutch poet, death of Poerre Gassendi the French philosopher, death of Friedrich con Logau the German author, death of French poet Savinien Cyrano de Bergerac, death of Pope Innocent X Fabio Chigi becomes Pope Alexander VII, Cromwell dissolves Parliament and divides England into 11 districts each with a mojor-general as governor prohibits Anglican services, English capture Jamaica, Charles X of Sweden invades Poland and the Great Elector invades Prussia outbreak of first Northern War Swedish army takes Warsaw and Cracow, John Cotgrave writes treasury of English language, death of Savinien Cyrano de Bergerac the French poet, James Shirley writes The Gentleman of Venice tragicomedy, William Strode writes political drama, Pierre Borel writes about the antiquities of Gaul, Oliver Cromwell readmits Jews into England, William Drummonds political book published, Thomas Fuller writes the history of churches in Britain, death of Pierre Gassendi the French philosopher and scientist, Thomas Hobbes writes philosophical treatise, Thomas Stanley writes history of philosophy, Jordaens paints Presentation in the Temple, Rembrandt paints Woman Bathing in a Stream, death of Sigmund Gottlieb Staden the German composer and organist, Chinese scientist and naturalist Chen yuan-lung publishes book on new incentions, First regular newspaper in Berlin
1656 Plague and famine in Rome, ITA, death of Jan van Goyen the Dutch painter, death of Austrian general Octavio Piccolomini, Treaty of Konigsberg and Alliance of Marienberg, Sescond Protectorate Parliament in Britain, Swedes cede Prussia to the Great Elector, Dutch take Colombo from Portuguese, death of King John IV of Portugal son Alfonso VI rules, Albanian Mohammed Kiuprili becomes grand vizier to Sultan Mohammed IV of Turkey, Jean Chapelain writes poem, Abraham Cowley publishes poems, John Fords writings published posthumously, Manasseh Ben Israel replies to attacks on Cromwells readmission of jews, John Bunyan writes religious work, Marchamont Needham writes about free political states, Blaise Pascal writes against Jesuits, Spinoza excommunicated, Academy of Painting in Rome founded, Bernini creates Piazza of St. Peters in Rome, Andre Le Notre designs gardens in France, Rembrandt declared bankrupt his possessions are put up for sale, death of Dutch painter Jan van Goyen, Celazquez paints the family of Philip IV, Vermeer paints The Procuress, opening of first London opera house Siege of Rhodes opera written by Matthew Locke and others and presented, Thomas Wharton describes anatomy of glands, Regiment of grenadier guards formed, Hopital general in Paris opens combines hospital poorhouse and factory, Christian Huygens builds clock pendulum, Baruch Spinoza excommunicated from Amsterdam synagogue,
1657 Tokugawa Mitsukuni begins compilation of History of Japan, death of Dutch painter Frans Snyders, death of Emperor Ferdinand III son Leopold I succeeds him, Oliver Cromwell rejects offer of title of king, Creation of new House of Lords increases Cromwells power, Denmark attacks Charles X of Sweden already involved in wars with Russia Poland and Austria, Treaty of Bromberg Brandenburg allied with Poland against Sweden, Andreas Gryphius writes comedy based on Shakespeares Midsummer Nights Dream, Franois Hedelin writes about theater, Thomas Middleton writes comedy, Algelus Silesius creates mystical writings, Sacinien Cyrano de Bergeracs work published posthumously, Richard Baxter writes religious call, Johann Amos Comenius writes regarding opera, Le Sieur Saunier writes first book named encyclopedie , Rembrandt paints portrait of his son Titus, death of Dutch painter Frans Snyders, Velazquez paints Las Hilanderas, Adam Krieger composes, Accademia del Cimento founded in Florence by Vincenzo Viviani, Dutch scientist Christiann Huygens designs first pendulum for clocks, death of Manasseh ben Israel the Jewish leader, Drinking chocolate introduced in England, First stockings and fountain pens manufactured in Paris
1658 Emperor Aurangzeb becomes last great Moghul emperor, Cromwell dissolves parliament - End of Cromwells protectorate in Britain as he dies, - succeeded as Lord Protector by son Richard, Leopold I elected HRE, death of English Poet Richard Lovelace, Treaty of Roskilde between Sweden and Denmark ends first war, Aurangzeb imprisons his father Shah Jahan and succeeds him as Mogul Emperor, Charles X begins Second Northern War siege of Copenhagen, Formation of Rheinish League under French protectorate, John Dryden writes heroic poem regarding Cromwell, William Rowley writes tragicomedy, Georg Stiernhielm writes Swedish epic poem on Hercules, Sir William Dugdale writes history of St. Pauls Cathedral, James Harrington writes about popular government, Edward Phillips writes about the new World of Words, Societe des missions strangers founded in Paris, Bernini creates church at Castel Gandolfo, Pieter de Hooch paints Courtyard of a House in Delft, Peter Lely paints The Family of the Earl of Carnarvon, Adriaen van de Velde paints Farm with a Dead Tree, Johann Caspar von Kerll composes opera in Munich, French phusician Sylvius de la Boe becomes progessor of medicine in Leiden, J.R. Glauber writes De natura salium, Jan Swammerdam first observes blood corpuscles, Robert Hooke the naturalist and philosopher invents the balance spring for watches, English physician Sir Thomas Browne advocates cremation, Swedish financier Johann Palmstruck devises first bank note issues by Swedish state bank, End of rule of Cromwell in England, Manticore appears in zoology book,
1659 Treaty of Pyrenees between France and Spain, Derby petitionfor permanent settlement of the constitutional crisis between army and Parliament, Richard Cromwell resigns, Peace of the Pyrenees between France and Spain, The Great Elector drives Swedes out of Prussia, Corneille writes Oedipe tragedy, John Day writes drama, Moliere writes comedy, Joost van den Vondel writes tragedy, Henry More writes about the immortality of the soul, William Somner writes Latin-English dictionary, Velazquez paints Infante Philip Prosper and Infanta Maria Teresa, Vermeer paints Young Girl with Flute, Pierre Esprit Radisson and Medart Chouart de Grosellier reach Minnesota, English physician Thomas Willis describes first typhoid fever, Prussian State Library in Berlin founded, last rains in India for several years, French and Spanish sign Peace of Pyrenees, Fermat's theory of probability
1660 Malway-al-Rashid restores sultanate of Morocco, end of rule by Commonwealth in Britain as Charles II restored as king, death of Velazquez Spanish artist, death of French man of letters Paul Scarron, death of Charles X of Sweden succeeded by Charles XI, Virginia proclaims Charles II king restores Governor William Berkeley, Parliament invites Charles II to return to England, Peace of Oliva signed ending war between Austria Poland Sweden and Brandenburg and recognizing the Great Electors sovereignty in E Prussia, Charles II enters London, Peace of Copenhagen ends war between Sweden and Denmark, Louis XIV of France marries Maria Teresa Infanta of Spain, George Rakoczy II Prince of Transylvania dies in battle against Rurks Emperor Leopold I sends army to check Turkish advance, Danish crown becomes hereditary, Long Parliament dissolves itself, Actresses first appear on German and English stages, death of Jacob Cats the Dutch poet, Corneille writes tragedy, John Dryden writes, Patents granted for reopening London theaters, Moliere writes, Samuel Pepys begins Diary, death of Paul Scarron the French author, James Harrington writes Political Discourses, James Howell writes English-French-Latin_Spanish dictionary, Palace of Potsdam built, Jan Steen paints Poultry Yard, death of Velazquez, Vermeer paints The Cook Zurbaran paints The Young Virgin, Cavalli writes Serse opera for marriage of Louis XIV, Dutch peasants (Boers) settle in South Africa, Royal African Company founded, Famous Caf Procope opened in Paris, Friedrich Staedtler founds pencil factory in Nuremberg, Water closets arrive from France into England, Charles II reestablishes monarchy, Dutch artist Pieter Paul Rubens dies
1661 VA gives slavery recognition, Reign of the Kangxi emperor in China beings which expands territory and scholarship, Death of Cardinal Mazarin Louis XIV reigns personally, Bishops restored in Scotland, death of French statesman and cardinal Jules Mazarin the Italian French? Louis XIV begins personal rule, Philip Duke of Orleans marries Henrietta sister of Charles II Coronation of Charles II, Peace of Kardis between Russia and Sweden ends Northern war, Cavalier Parliament meets, Charles II receives Tangier Bombay and 300,000 pounds from Portugal as dowry of Catherine of Braganza, Jean Baptiste Colbert becomes French minister of finance French revenue shows deficit of 22 million francs, Famine in India continues since 1659, Mohammed Kiuprili the Grand Vizier of Turkey dies and is succeeded by son Ahmed Kiuprili, Lincolns Inn Theater opens in London by Sir William Davenant Hamlet performed as first play there, Moliere writes, John Eliot translates Bible into Algonquin language in N America, Joseph Glanvil writes The Vanity of Dogmatizing, Peter Lely made court painter to Charles II, Louis Le Vau makes Galerie dApollon in Louvre Paris, Rembrandt paints The Syndics of the Cloth Hall, Jacob van Ruisdael paints Landscape with Watermill, Jan Steen paints Easy Come Easy Go, Academie Royale de Danse founded by Louis XIV, Matthew Locke made court composer to Charles II, Edward Lowe composes to revive organ accompaniment suppressed dudring Commonwealath, Robert Boyle writes The Skeptical Chymist with definitions of chemical elements, Christian Huyghens invents the manometer for ascertaining elastic force of gases, John Evelyn writes early attack on air pollution, Kongelige Bibliothek in Copenhagen founded, Georg Praetorius writes treatise on palmistry, Robert Boyle publishes The Sceptical Chymist, English colony at Bombay
1662 death of German composer Johann Cruger, death of Balise Pascal the French philosopher and mathematician, death of Elizabeth of Bohemia The Winter Queen, CT granted liberal charter, Charles II marries Catherine of Braganza dau of King John IV of Portugal, Charles II sells Dunkirk to France for 400,000 pounds, death of Shun Chin first Manchu emperor of China succeeded by his son Kang-hsi age 8, Samuel Butler writes Hudibras, Marie Madeline de La Fayette writes novel, Moliere writes comedy, First edition of Poor Robins Almanac, Michael Wigglesforth writes Day of Doom, Act of Uniformity gives assent to revised English prayer book, Thomas Fuller writes biographical of English whos who, Andre Le Notre designes park and gardens of Versailles, Louis Xiv begins to build palace of Versailles, Cavalli writes Italian ballet opera, Founding of the Academia Leopoldina in Vienna, Royal Society receives charter from Charles II, Last silver pennies minted in London, English Parliament passes Act of Uniformity, Death of Blaise Pascal of France, Royal society of London founded
1663 MD gives slavery recognition, insurrection attempt between white indentured servants and black slaves in VA, Charles II grants charters to Royal African Company and to eight proprietors of N Carolina and RI, Turks declare war on HRE and invade Transylvania and Hungary overrun fortress of Nove Zamsky Slovakia, Colbert forms New France with Quebec as new capaital, Colbert founds Academie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres in Paris, Samuel Butler writes Hudibras II, Abraham Cowley writes comedy, Sir William Davenant writes The Siege of Rhodes, Theater Royal in London opens, Thirs Folio of Shakespeares Works printed, Robert Boyle writes about experimental philosophy, Lord Herbert of Cherbery writes religious work, Writings of Descartes put on the Index, Leibniz writes about individualism principles, Bernini creates the Scala Regia at the Vatican, Pieter de Hooch paints At the Linen Closet, castle Nymphenbyrg near Munich started, Poussin paints The Four Seasons, Adriaen van de Velde paints Cattle near a Building, Marc Antonio Cesti writes La Dori Italian opera, James Clifford collects anthems published in London, Lully composes Le Ballet des arts, Gyericke constructs frictional electrical machine, John Newton discovers binomial theorem, Danish physician Nicolaus Steno teaches The heart is a muscle, Europaische Zeitung published in Copenhagen, First gold guinea pieces coined in England, Hearth tax in England, Journalist Roger LEstrange becomes licenser of the English press, Turnpike tolls introduced in England,
1664 Dutch force king of Thailand to give them monopoly of deerskin exports, English capture New Amsterdam from the Dutch and rename it New York, Great plague of London begins, death of Andreas Gryphius the German dramatist, death of Miklos Zrinyi the Hungarian poet and national hero, Alliance between France and Brandenburg, Truce of Vasvar Austrians defeat Turks at St. Gotthard on Raab River, British annex New Netherlands from CT to DE and rename New Amsterdam under Peter Stuyvesant to New York, Fort Orange surrenders to Britain and is renamed Albany, union of CT and New Haven, Swedish colonies on Gold Coast sold to Dutch, Dryden writes tragicomedy, Sir George Etherege writes comedy, Moliere writes, Racine writes, Conventicle Act against nonconformists forbids meetings of more than five people, John Evelyn writes Sylvia, The Trappist Order founded in Normandy, Pieter de HHooch paints Young Woman Weighing Gold, Poussin paints Aapollo and Daphne, Jan Stern paints The Christening Frast, Vermeer paiants The Lacemaker, Christopher Wren helps design Sheldonian Theater in Oxfors, death of Spanish painter Francisco de Zurbaran, French horn becomes orchestral instrument, Heinrich Schutz composes in Dresden, Thomas Willis writes about the anatomy of the nervous system, French furniture prevaisl in European castles, Compagnie des Indes Occidentales formed to control French trade in Canada S America W Africa and W Indies, introduction of large wig style (periwig), First Royal Marine Regiment, Japanese develop express mail system, first women condemned as witches in New World, Conventicle Act forbids Nonconformist meetings of more than 5 members, English take New Amsterdam, renamed New York, Racine and Molire publish in France
1665 Great plague of London, death of Dutch dramatist Samuel Coster, death of French painter Nicolas Poussin, death of Pierre de Ferman the French mathematician, death of Philip IV of Spain don Charles II rules, Absolutism introduces into Denmark by Lez Regia, English law and administration introduced into NY, Allied British and Portuguese defeat Spanish army at Montes Claros and Villa Viciosa Portuguese independence, Pierre de Brantomes writings published posthumously, Richard Head writes picturesque novel, Journal des Savants literary journal started in Paris, Jean de La Fontaine writes verse, La Rochefoulcald writes, Moliere writes Don Juan, Racine writes Alezandre le Grand, John Bunyan writes The Holy City, Codex Theodosianus edited by Jacques Godefroy, John Eliots Communtion of Churches printed in MA, Five-Mile Act puts restrictions on nonconformist ministers, Philosophical Transactions first scientific journal in England, Izaal Walton writes bio of Richard Hooker, Bernini finishes high altar in St. Peters at Rome, Murillo paints Rest on the Flight into Egypt, death of Nicolas Poussin, Rembrandt paints The Jewish Bride, Adriaen van Ostade paints The Physician in His Study, Vermeer paints The Artists Studio, Heinrich Schutz composes, Giovanni Cassini determines rotations of Jupiter Mars and Venus, Peter Chamberlen invents midwifery forceps, death of Pierre de Fermat the French mathematician, Grancis Grimaldi explains diffractions of light, Robert Hooke writes about the microscope, U of Kiel founded, Colony of NJ founded, Isaac Newton experiments on gravitation and invents differential calculus, First modern census taken in Quebec, Caleb Cheeshateaumuck a North American Indian takes an A.B. degree at Harvard, first issue of London Gazette, Prince Archbishop of Munster sells 7,000 subjects as soldiers, Great Plague of London begins eventually killing 68,596, First known turf race in New York, Physician peer-review system established in England, Isaac Newton develops law of gravity in England, Royal observatories in Paris and Greenwich
1666 Great London fire destroys half of city but only injures six, Cyclone hits Lesser Antilles kills thousands, death of Frans Hals the Dutch painter, death of Guercino the Italian painter, death of French architect Francois Mansart, death of German composer Adam Krieger, France and Dutch declare war on England Dutch sign treaty of alliance with Great Elector, Quadruple Alliance of Brandenburg Brunswick Denmark and Holland to secure safety of Holland, Treaty of Cleves between Brandenburg and Neuberg for partition of Julich-CLeves, English privateers take Tobago, French capture Antigua Montserrat and St. Christopher, Hungarian noblemen revolt against Emperor Leopold I, collection of Latin plays published, Dryden publishes Annus Mirabilis, Moliere publishes Le Misanthrope, first Armenian bible printed, John Bunyan writes religious work, Leibnitz publishes, Raskol (Great Schism) breaks out in Russian Church, John Tillotson writes regarding faith, Marc Antonio Cesti made court Kapellmeister (musician) in Germany, Heinrich Schutz composes, Antonio Stradivari lacels his first violin, Isaac Newton measures moons orbit develops calculus and laws of gravity, Puritans from CT settle in NJ, First Cheddar cheese, Gobelin workshops established in Paris by Colbert, Cricket Club founded at St. Alband in Hertfordshire England,
1667 Shemakha Caucasia (Azerbaijan) quake kills 80,000, Quake in Croatia kills 3000 est 7.5, Rebuilding Act passes in London, death of Pope Alexander VII, death of Alonso Cano the Spanish painter and architect, death of Johann Jakob Froberger German organist and composer, death of English Poet Abraham Cowley, death of Pope Alexander VII Giulio Rospigliosi becomes Pope Clement IX, Truce of Andrusovo ends 13-year-war between Russia and Poland Kiev ceded to Russia, Secret treaty between Louis XIV and Charles II against Spain, War of Devolution begins as French troops invade Netherlands, Shah Abbas II of Persia dies succeeded by son Suleiman, Alfonso VI of Portugal banished to the Azores by brother Pedro the regent, Anne of Austria mother of Louis XIV dies, Peace of Breda between Dutch France and England, Death of English dramatist Abraham Cowley, Milton writes Paradise Lost, Racine writes, death of George Wither the English poet, French jurist Guillaume Lamoignon compiles Code Louis, Leibniz writes about law, Samuel Pufendorf writes about the attack on the Hapsburgs, death of Francesce Borromini the Italian sculptor and architect, death of Dutch painter Gabriel Metsu, Mexico Cathedral finished, death of German composer Johann Jakob Froberger the German composer, Carlo Pallavicino becomes court Kapelmeister in Dresden, Chronology compiled by French historian F. E. de Mezeray, National Observatory in Paris founded, Thomas Sprat writes Early History of the Royal Society, Jean Baptiste Colbert founds Manufacture Royale, Feltmakers Company in London incorporated, French army uses hand grenades,
1668 death of German scientist Johann Rudolf Glauber, death of English poet William Davenant, Alliance of the Hague signed by English and Dutch, Treaty of Lisbon Spain recognizes independence of Portugal, British East India Company obtains control of Bombay, Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle ends War of Devolution between France and Spain, John II Casimir King of Poland for 20 years abdicates, Government of Maine passes to MA, Treaty between Louis XIV and Leopold I concerning future partition of Spanish realms, Aphra Behn writes, Dryden writes comedy, Sir George Etherege writes comedy,La Fontaine writes fables, Moliere writes, Racine writes, Joseph Glanvill writes about knowledge since Aristotle, Henry More writes Divine Dialogues, William Penn writes questioning doctrine of the trinity in Sandy Foundation Shaken, Rembrandt paints Return of the Prodigal Son, Gabriel van de Velde paints Golfers on the Ice, death of Dutch painter Philips Wouwerman, Dietrich Buxtehude becomes organist of St. Marys in Lubeck, Thomas Tomkins music published posthumously, Sir Josiah Child writes regarding interest and money, death of German scientist Johann Rudolf Glauber, Robert Hooke writes about Earthquakes, Isaac Newton constructs reflecting telescope, first accurate description of red corpuscles by Leeuwenhoek, Oder Spree Canal finished, earthquake in Turkey kills 8000 (est.8), Isaac Newton invents reflecting telescope
1669 Eruption of Mt. Etna kills 20,000, Candian War between Venice and Ottoman Turks ends, Drought and famine in India, death of German satirist Johann Michael Moscherosch, death of Dutch painter Rembrandt van Rijn, death of English poet John Denham, death of Marc Antonio Cesti the Italian composer, death of Dutch philosopher Arnold Geulinex, Michael Wisniowiecki a Lithuanian elected King of Poland, John Locks constitution for Carolina approved and S Carolina formed, Venetians lose Crete to the Turks, Aurangzeb band Hinduism in India, Last meeting of the Hanseatic League, Dryden writes comedy, Moliere writes, death of German satirist Johann Michael Moscherosch, Last entry in Samuel Pepys Diary Racine writes tragedy, Johann Jakob Christoph von Grimmelshausen writes German novel of adventure and spiritual quest, death of Pope Clement IX, Arnold Geulincx the Dutch philosopher dies, William Penn writes No Cross No Crown, Abraham a Sancta Clara made court preacher in Vienna, Le Vau begins remodeling Versailles, death of Rembrandt, Vermeer paints Girl at the Spinet, Academie Royale des Operas patent given to Pierre Perrin, Matthew Locke writes The Treasury of Musick, Edmund Castell composes Lexicon Heptaglotton, Italian anatomist Marcello Malpighi studies life and activities of silkworms, Phosphorus prepared for first time by alchemist Hennig Brand of Hamburg, Nicolaus Steno begins modern study of geology, Jan Swammerdam writes History of the Insects, Outbreak of cholera in China, Earliest French trading station in India, Antonio Stradivary makes first violin, Aurangzeb forbids practice of Hindu religion, Rembrandt dies, Persecution of Hindus by Mughals
1670 French settle in Senegal, Fulani pastoralist people gain control of Bondu in south Senegal, Secret Treaty of Dover between England and France, Drought and famine in India, death of Johann Amos Comenius the Moravian educational reformer, death of French architect Louis le Vau, Defensive allianve between France and Bavaria, Treaty of Dover between England and France, France occupies Lorraine, Fredrick III of Denmark dies succeeded bu Christian V, Rebellion of Ukranian Cossacks crushed by Jan Sobieski, William of Orange made Capitan General of United Provinces, Cornielle writes tragedy, Dryden writes historic play, Moliere writes ballet-comedy, Racine writes tragedy, John Dryden appointed historiographer royal and poet laureate, First Italian comedy companies appear in Germany, Cardinal Emilio Alteri becomes Pope Clement X, Johann Amos Comenius the Czech school reformer dies, John Milton writes history, John Ray writes collection of English proverbs, Spinoza writes theological work, death of French architect Louis Le Vau, Jacob van Ruisdael paints Haarlem, Vermer paints The Pearl Necklace, John Blow made organist of Westminster Abbey, Paul Amman writes Medicine critica, Italian scientist Giovanni Borelli arrtempts to use artificial wings for flight, English settlement starts in SC, Englishphysician Thomas Willis describes symptoms of diabetes, Hudsons bay Company incorporated by royal charter to trade in region of N America draining into Hudson Bay, Louis XIVs Minister of War Marquis de Loubois introduces uniforms and paper cartridges in Franch army, first minute hands on watches, Tobacco monopoly in Austria, Gab riel Mouton devises decimal measurement, Baruch Spinoza publishes against religious intolerance and poliical meddling, William Clement invents clock escapement
1671 Turks declare war on Poland, Stenka Razin leader of Cossack and peasant rebellion in Don and Volga regions executed, Former buccaneer Sir Henry Morgan made deputy governor of Jamaica by Charles II, Philip of Orleand brother of Louis XIV marries Princess Liselotte heiress to the Palatinate, Aphra Behn writes drama, Marquise de Sevigne begins writing her letters on French court life to daughter Madame de Grignan, Milton writes Paradise Regained, Moliere writes comedy, first Bible in Arabic printed in Rome, John Bunyan writes a confession of faith, Stephen Skinner writes about language, Lopnel Bruant creates Hotel des Invalides Paris, Adriaen van Ostade paints Travelers Resting, Christopher Wren creates The Monument to the great fire, Paris Opera opens with Robert Camberts opera, William Carter writes Englands interest by Trade Asserted, Leibniz defines nature and existence of the other, English Crown resumes direct control of customs system, Founding of French Senegal Company,
1672 King Charles II of England charters the Royal African Company, monopolizing slave trade for 50 years, death of German composer Heinrich Schutz, death of English architect John Webb, stop of English exchecquer cash payments suspended for 12 months, Declaration of undulgences issued by Charles II withdrawn next year, Britain declares war on Dutch indecisive battle at Southwold bay, France declares war on Dutch French army crosses Rhine Dutch open sluices to save Amsterdam Louis XIV rejects Dutch peace offer William of Orange made Captain-General of United Provinces, Clarendon Press at Oxford founded, Moliere writes, Racine writes, death of Swedish poet Georg Steirnhielm, William Wycherley writes comedy, Elias Ashmole writes about Order of the Garter, William Cave writes Primitive Christianity, Confessions of the Faith of the Greek Orthodox Church written by Jerusalem synod, William Temple writes about the Netherlands, Fulham Pottery in London founded by John Swight, Kao-tsen creates famous China India-ink picture Autumn Landscape, Christopher Wren creates St. Stephens in London, First public concert at Whitefriars in London given by John Banister, Root ipecacuanha introduced for medicinal purposes into Europe, Flexible hose for use in fighting fires constructed by Jan van der Heyde and his son, John Josselyn writes about local New England flora and fauna, Environments of Chicago explored by French missionary Jacques Marquette, Mercure Gallant a journal for light reading started in Paris, Charter granted to the Royal African Company, French invade Netherlands
1673 death of Spanish painter Salvator Rosa, death of Moliere the French dramatist, Test Act excludes Roman Catholics from office in England, after preliminary peace between Brandenburg and France the Great Elector promises not to support enemies of Louis XIV in Treaty of Vossen, Emperor Leopold I declares war on France, King Michael of Poland dies Polish army under Jan Sobieski defeats Turks at Khorzim, Founding of Fort Frontenac with Robert de La Salle as commander, French expedition against Ceylon, Aphra Behn writes comedy, Dryden writes comedy, Racine writes, Thomas Shadwell writes comedy, William Wycherley writes comedy, Robert Clavel catalogues post-fire books, Archpriest Petrovich Azzakum writes first Russian autobiography, Willem van de Velde paints Three Ships in a Gale Adriaen van Ostade paints The Violin Player, Christopher Wren knighted, Buxtehude begins concerts at Lubeck, Matthew Lockw writes about modern musical practices, Lully writes first Parisian opera, U of Innsbruck founded, French explorers Marquette and Joliet reach headwaters of Mississippi and descend into Arkansas, Stalactic grotto of Antiparos in the Agean Sea discovered, Financier Richard Hoare founds Hoare bank in London, Mitsui familys trading and banking house founded in Japan, Firsts metal tooth fillings used by English surgeons, Marquette and Joliet explore upper Mississippi
1674 John Sobieski reigns in Poland elected as Jan III, death of English poet Robert Herrick, death of English singer and composer John Wilson, death of French portrait painter Philippe de Champaigne, death of Italian composer Giacomo Carissimi, death of John Milton the English poet, death of Swedish poet Lars Johansson, death of English composer Pelham Humfrey, treaty of Westminster recognizes inhabitants of New York and New Sweden as British subjects, French troops devastate the Palatinate, Sivaji Bhonsla declares himself independent of the Mogul emperor Aurangzeb and founds Mahratta state - crowned in Raigarh, Office of Stadholder of the United Probinces becomes hereditary in House of Orange, Giovanni Battista Basile writes tales, Nicolas Boileay writes about poetry, death of Jean Chapelain the French poet, death of Swedish poet Lars Johansson, Milton writes second edition of Paradise Lost, - death of Milton, Racine writes Iphigenie en Aulide, The Theatre Royal in London rebuilt after fire and opens, death of English poet Thomas Traherne, Anthony a Wood writes about the history of the ancient world, Nicolas Malebranche writes De la recherch de la verite, Louis Moreri writes encyclopedic work, Godfrey Kneller German painter arrives in England, Murillo paints St. Francis, Lully writes ALceste opera, John Mayow writes about the nature of combustion, Thomas Willis writes about pharmaceuticals,
1675 death of German composer Andreas Hammerschmidt, death of Jan Vermeer the Dutch painter, Alliance between France and Poland, Great Elector defeats Swedish army at Fehrbellin, War between Sweden and Denmark, Charles II of England receives 500,000 crowns from Louis XIV and is able to prorogue parliament for 15 months, King Charles II of Spain attains majority, Poems of Basho help popylarize Japanese haiku poetry, William Wycherley writes comedy, Sir William Dugdale writes The Baronage of England, Jacques Savary writes, Philipp Jacob Spener writes, Spinoza finishes book on Ethics, Thomas Trahernes Christian Ethics published posthumously, Jacob van Ruisdael paints Jewish Cemetery, Sir Christopher Wten begins rebuilding St. Pauls in London, Matthew Locke writes music to Thomas Shadwells Psyche, Greenwich Observatory established under John Flamsteed, Leibniz invents differential and integral calculus, Isaac Newton publishes Opticks, German astronomer Olaus Romer discovers finite velocity of light, Paris becomes center of European culture with half-million inhabitants, Anton van Leeuwenhoek discovers red blood corpuscles which eventually leads to germ theory
1676 death of Italian opera composer Francesco Cavalli, death of German poet and hymn writer Paul Gerhardt, death of Johann Jacob Christoph von Grimmelshausen the German novelist, death of Czar Alexis I of Russia son Feodor III rules, death of Ahmed Kiuprili succeeded as Grand Vizier of Turkey by brother-in-law Kara Mustafa, Danish army defeated by Swedes at Battle of Lunden, Declaration of the People of Virginia by Nathaniel Bacon gains support for rebellion against authorities, Settlement of boundary between E and W New Jersey, Dryden writes drama, Sir George Etherege writes comedy Thomas Otway writes tragedy, death of Pope Clement X Benedetto Odescalchi becomes Pope Innocent XI, Benjamin Thompson writes New Englands Crisis, Roger Williams writes anti-Quaker tract, Godfrey Kneller paints Mr. Banks, Murillo paints Madonna purissima, Sir Christopher Wren builds Trinity College Library at Cambridge, death of Italian opera composer Francesco Cavalli, Thomas Mace composes Musicks Monument Thomas Sydenham writes medical observations, Influenza epidemic in England, LE Grand Vatel commits suicide because his meal was nit up to Louis XIVs expectations, Legal protection of Sabbath observance in England,
1677 death of Dutch painter Aert van der Neer, death of French composer Robert Cambert, death of Dutch philosopher Baruch Spinoza, Duke of Orleans defeat Dutch at Cassel, Combined Dutch-Danish fleet defeats Swedes at Oland, William III of Orange marries Princess Mary daughter of Duke of York, Great Elector takes Stettin and later Rugen, MA buys part of Maine from heirs of Sir Ferdinando Gorges, Racine writes tragedy, death of German mystic and poet Angelus Silesius, William Wycherley writes comedy, William Cave writes History of Martyrdoms, Johann Jacob Hofmann writes about science and arts, John Houghton writes about philosophy of happiness, Increase Mather writes about troubles in New England, death of Spinoza the Dutch-Jewish philosopher, Pieter de Hooch paints Musical Party in a Courtyard, death of Anglo-Czech engraver Wenceslas Hollar, Godfrey Kneller paints Mr. Vernon, death of French opera composer Robert Cambert, Lully composes Isis opera, deathof English mathematician Isaac Barrow, Ice cream becomes popular dish in Paris, Spinoza's "Ethics" published posthumously
1678 Imaginary Popish Plot to overthrow Charles II of England invented by Titus Oates, death of Dutch painter Jacob Jordaens, peace of Nijmegen between France and Dutch and France and Spain, Popish Plot in England revealed many Roman Catholics tried banned from parliament, Great Elector takes Stralsund from the Swedes, French army captures Ghent and Ypres, Hungarian rebellion against Hapsburgs under Emeric Tokolyi, Outbreak of war between Russia and Sweden, Samuel Butler writes, Corneille writes tragedy, Marie Madeleine de La Fayette writes novel, Dryden writes tragedy, Jean de La Fontaine writes fables, death of English poet Andrew Marvell, John Bunyan writes The Pilgrims Progress, Ralph Cudworth writes religious.philosophical work, death of Dutch painter Jacob Jordaens, Muyrill paints The Immaculate Conception, Thomas Britton the English music patron introduces concerts into London, first German opera house in Hamburg, Italian mathematician Giovanni Ceva states geometrical theorem on nature of concurrency, Christian Huygens records discovery of polarization of light, Robert de La Salle explores the Great Lakes, Thomas Thatcher writes medical treatise about smallpox and measles in Americas, First chrysanthemums arrive in Holland from Japan, Import of French goods to England prohibited,
1679 Habeas Corpus Act in England ensures no imprisonment without court appearance, Father Hennepin reaches Niagara Falls in Canada, death of Joost van den Vondel the Dutch Dramatist, death of Thomas Hobbes the English philosopher, death of Italian physiologist Giovanni Alfonso Borelli, death of French churchman Jean de Gondi Cardinal de Retz, death of German Poet Christian Hofmann von Hofmannswaldau, Peace of Nijmegen extends between Louis XIV and Leopold I, peace of St. Germain-en-Laye between Sweden and Brandenburg, King Charles II of Spain marries Marie Louise of Orleans, New Hampshire separated as special province from MA, Peace treaty of Lund between Denmark and Sweden, Hapsburg influence reestablished in Madrid by Queen Mother Marie of Austria, Beaumont and Fletcher publishes plays posthumously, Dryden and Nathaniel Lee write Oedipus tragedy, Pu-Sungling writes collection of Chinese short stories, Gilbert Burnet writes history or Church of England, death of English philosopher Thomas Hobbes, Sir William Petty writes about taxes and contributions, Abraham a Sancta Clara writes sermons against corruption in Vienna, Elias Ashmole founds museum at Oxford, Charles Lebrun decorates Galerie des Glaces at Versailles, death of Dutch painter Jan Steen, Lully composes Bellerophon opera, Alessandro Scarlattis first opera performed in Rome, Edmund Halley writes about astronomy, French Jesuit Louis Hannepin discovers Niagara Falls, Colbert issues order that all French merchants be examined in bookkeeping and commercial law, Edict against dueling in France, First German coffeehouse in Hamburg, German chemist Johann Kunckel von Lowenstern becomes director of glass works in Potsdam
1680 Rise of Asante kingdom in West Africa, Butua kingdom flourishes in Zimbabwe, Portuguese driven into Zambezi valley and eastward, Statue building ends on Easter Island as civil war begins, Cyclone hits Dominican Republic, death of Italian sculptor Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini, death of English satirist Samuel Butler, death of French author Francois de La Rochefoucauld, death of Dutch-English painter Peter Lely, end of high Baroque period, death of Joseph Glanvill English philosopher, death of Dutch naturalist Jan Swammerdam, Absolutism in Sweden under King Charles XI, Franch colonial empire reaching from Quebec to mouth of Mississippi River founded, Maximilian II Emanuel becomes Elector of Bavaria, Tsunayoshi becomes shogun of Japan, death of English satirist Samuel Butler, Comedie Franais formed, Thomas Otway writes tragedy, death of Franois de La Rochefoucauld French moralist, Robert Filmer writes about the power of kings, Cesar Pierre Richelet writes French dictionary, Sir William Temple writes essay of government, death of Italian architect Gian Lorenzo Bernini, Jules Hardouin Mansart creates Chapel des Invalides in Paris, Emperor Kang-His founds factories for development of art in China, death of English painter Sir Peter Lely, Sir Christopher Wren makes St. Clement Danes in London, first ballets arrive in Germany from France, Henry Purcell made organist of Westminster Abbey, Sadlers Wells at Islington London begins musical entertainments, Stradivari makes his earliest known cello, first Brandenburgian expedition to West Africa, death of Dutch naturalist Jan Swammerdam, final extinction of the dodo (family Raphidae), Penny post established in London by merchant William Dockwra,
1681 Territory granted to William Penn in America, La Salle of France explores Mississippi Rover, founds Louisiana, death of Gerard Terborch the Dutch painter, defensive alliances between Brandenburg and France and Brandenburg and Sweden, Royal charter for PA, European congress meets ar Frankfurt, death of author Calderon, Dryden writes satirical poem, Jacques Benigne Bossuet writes about history, Jean Mabillon writes about historical analysis, James Dalrymple of Stair writes about law in Scotland, death of Dutch painter Gerard Terborch, Sir Christopher Wren creates Tom Tower at Oxford, female professional dancers for first time in Paris Opera, Academy of Sciences in Moscow founded, Canal du Midi joins Bay of Biscay and Mediterranean, Wren elected president of Royal Society, founding of the Chelsea Hospital in London for wounded and discharged soldiers, First checks in England,
1682 Reign of Peter the Great begins in Russia, death of Spanish painter Bartolome Esteban Murillo, death of Dutch painter Jacob van Ruisdael, La Salle claims Louisiana territory for France and takes possession of Mississippi Valley, Czar Feodor III of Russia dies sister Sophia becomes regent for her infant brothers Ivan and Peter, Great Charter of Pennsylvania, Emeric Tokolyi proclaimed King of Hungary by Turks, Dryden writes, Thomas DUrfey edits Wit and Mirth anthology, Thomas Otway writes tragedy, Pierre bayle writes Thoughts on the Comet of 1680 against superstitions on comets, John Bunyan writes The Holy War Franois Eudes de Mezeray writes, 58,000 Huguenots forced into conversion, Sir George MacKenzie founds library eventually Scottish national, Sir William Petty writes regarding population growth, death of French painter Claude Lorraine, death of Spanish painter Murillo, death of Dutch painter Jacob van Ruisdael, Lully writes opera, death of French astronomer Jean Picard, first Latin periodical in Leipzig, Versailles becomes royal residence, Weaving mill with 100 looms established in Amsterdam, SC gives slavery recognition, William Penn develops consept of amendmenets, Pierre Bayle argues against superstition regarding the Comet of 1680, French claim Louisiana territory
1683 Formosa (Taiwan) becomes Chinese territory, Turks besiege Vienna but are beaten off by John Sobieski, death of English biographer and angler Izaak Walton, death of Roger Williams the religious controversialist in America, death of Dutch painter Jan Davids de Heem, death of French economist Jean Baptiste Colbert, death of Dutch painter Pieter de Hooch, death of German poet Daniel Caspar von Lohenstrin, *** Polish-Austrian alliance against Turks, Rye House Plot to discover Charles II discovered, Truks begin siege of Vienna, King Jan Sobieski of Poland and Charles Duke of Lorraine raise siege of Vienna, Spaindeclares war on France, death of Alfonso VI King of Portugal brother Peter II rules, Dutch traders admitted to Canton, League of the Hague Emperor Leopold I and Charles II of Spain join Dutch-Swedish alliance against France, Manchus conquer Formosa, Peace treaty between William Penn and N American Indians, Edmonde Boursaylt writes satirical comedy, death of English poet Elijah Fenton, Matthew Hale writes about providing for the poor, William Penn writes description of Pennsylvania,, Sir William Petty writes about growth in London, death of Italian architect Fuarino Fuarini, Godfrey Kneller paints Sir Charles Cotterell, Charles Lebrun made director of Academie royale, Sir Christopher Wren creates St. Jamess in London, Henry Purcell made court composer to Charles II, English navigator William Dampier begins voyage around the world, Newton explains mathematical theory on tides under gravitational attraction of sun moon and earth, death of Roger Williams the Rhode Island colonist, first German immigrants in North America, first coffeehouses in Vienna, Wild boars become extince in Great Britain,
1684 death of French dramatist Pierre Corneille, death of Dutch painter Adriaen van Ostade, Louis XIV marries Mme. De Maintenon after death of Queen Maria Theresa, Emperor HRE and Poland and Venice conclude Holy League of Lonz against Turks, Bermudas become crown colony, Court at chancery in England annuls charter of MA, Great Elector offers French Huguenots refuge in Brandenburg, literary review published in Rotterdam, John Bunyan publishes Pilgrims Progress part 2, Alexander Olivier Esquemeling publishes History of the Buccaneers of America, Takemoto Gidayu begins puppet theater in Tokyo (Joruri), Giovanni Paolo Marana writes spy story, 93 Jewish families expelled from Bordeaux, Increade Mather writes Remarkable Probinces, Sir Godfrey Kneller paints Duchess of Portsmouth, death of musician Nicolo Amati, Giovanni Cassini writes regarding astronomy, German ecplorer Engelbert Kampfer travels to Persian Gulf Java and Japan, First attempts in London to light streets, Siamese embassy arrives at court of Louis XIV at Versailles, Japanese poet Saikaku composes 23,000 poems in 24 hours,
1685 Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in France protecting Huguenots, death of Charles II (of England? Cousin to Louis XIV King of France?) - James II rules England a convert to Catholicism with Mary his wife some English migrate to Netherlands (Whigs? Munga?), led by illegitimate son of Charles II some return and are captured with leader executed James II starts reconverting England into image of Catholicism James put Catholics in army in violation of laws Parliament protests James II dismisses Parliament and purges judges of waverers and brings in test establishes absolute monarchy of king Torys protest James I overturns anti-Catholic legislation, death of Charles II, death of English dramatist Thomas Otway, death of Charles the Elector Palitinate electorate claimed by Louis XIV for sister-in-law Liselotte, Duke of Monmouths rebellion Monmouth defeated at Sedgemore and beheaded Judge George Jeffreys conducts bloody assizes against Monmouths followers, all Chinese ports opened to foreign trade, Dryden writes opera libretto, fourth folio of Shakespeare printed, Cesar de Rochefort writes dictionary, Louis XIV revokes Edict of Nantes exiles thousands of French Protestants, Increase Mather becomes president of Harvard College, Kneller paints Philip Earl of Leicester David Abercromby writes De pulsis cariatione first French settlers in Texas, Construction of the Pont Royal in Paris, French Huguenots begin silk manufacture in Great Britain, Louis XIV revokes Edict of Nantes, German composers J.S. Bach, Handel born
1686 Louis XIV of France officially annexes Madagascar, death of Otto von Guericke the German scientist, Federation of New England formed by James II in order to remodel British colonies in North America, League of Augsburg against Louis XIV, Zharles Duke of Lorraine takes Buda from Turks who held it for 145 years, Russia declares war on Turkey, French annex Madagascar, Roman Catholics readmitted into English army, famous Japanese puttep play Shusse Kagekiyo given in Tokyo, first Swedish theater opens in Stockholm, German Pietist and educator August Hermann Francke begins at Leipzig study of the Bible, Jules Hardouin Mansart creates Notre Dame in Versailles, Lully composes Armide et Renaud opera, First French settlers in Arkansas, Halley draws first meteorological map, Lean Le Clerc writes about historic libraries and books, death of German physicist Otto von Guericke, Grancis Willughbys wroks published posthumously, Maison St. Cyr founded by Louis XIV and Mme. De Maintenon as convent school for daughters of poor gentlefolk, Mme. Maintenom establishes Cordon Bleu cookery, French claim Madagascar, League of Augsburg wars against France
1687 death of Henry More the English philosopher William Sancroft Archbishop of Canterbury and seven leaders of the Church of England sign protest against King of England Bishops prosecuted public protests by treating these prisoners as heroes jurors declare bishops not guilty condemning king , death of French-Italian composer Jean Baptiste, death of English actress Nell Gwyn mistress of Charles II, James II issues Declaration of Indulgence for liberty of conscience, Papal nuncio received by James II, Battle of Mohace defeat of Turks under Suleiman Pasha, Parthenon and Propylaea at the Acropolis & Athens badly damaged by Venetian bombardment, Hungarian diet of Pressburg recognizez crown as hereditary possession of the male line of Hapsburgs, Sultan Mohammed IV of Turkey deposed succeeded by Suleiman III, Arguin Guinea established as colony by Brandenburg, Dryden writes allegorical poem, Gerard Langbaine writes catalogue of English plays, William Winstanley writes about lives of English poets, Fenelon writes about education, Samuel von Pufendorf writes abour religious liberty, John Wallis writes about logic, Leonardo de Figueroa creates Hospital de Venerables Sacerdotes in Seville, Kneller paints The Chinese Convent, death of Lully, Isaac Newton writes about mathematics, Sir Hans Sloane begins botanical collection on visit to Jamaica, U of Bologna founded, James II of England issues Declaration of Liberty of Conscience granting niversal religious freedom, Edmund Halley publishes Newtons work at his own expense,
1688 Dutch Protestant William of Orange becomes William I of England in Glorious revolution, English writer Alexander Pope born , Quakers publish anti-slavery pamphlets, Divine Revolution in England against James II brings William of Orange to the throne modern monarchy of England Glorious Revolution - Mary James 3nd wife gives birth to son though he had two Protestant daughters, this son James Francis would be Catholic daughters Mary and Ann protest against Catholic son as future king strange accusations Mary was married to William of Orange who was also James IIs nephew scheduled to be future king Whigs and Torrys sign petition for William to invade, foul weather held William back for a while, but when it turned James II no longer thought he had divine protection started suffering nosebleeds and worry retreats to London and armies lose faith general and daughters abandon him tries to escape eventually does to France, death of Dutch painter Philips Wouwerman, death of Frederick William Great Elector of Brandenburg son Frederick III rules , death of English author John Bunyan, death of English dramatist Philippe Quinault, Transylvania becomes province under King of Hungary, Seven English lords invite William of Orange to accept rule, Imperial forces occupy Belgrade, War between France and the Empire Louis XIV invades Palatinate and takes Heidelberg, King James II escapes to France, death of John Bunyan English author, death of French dramatist Philippe Quinault, Thomas Shadwell writes comedy, Jacques-Benigne Boussuet writes about Protestant history, death of Hermann Busenmann author of handbook of Jesuit philosophy, death of English philosopher Ralph Cudwirth, last volume of Matthaus Merians Topographia Germanicae published (posthumously), death of German art historian and painter Joachim Sandrart, Joseph de la Vega writes about the confusing interactions in Amsterdam exchange, London underwriters begin regular meetings at Lloyds Coffee House, Plate glass first cast, Smyrna destroyed by earthquake, English novelist Aphra Behn introduces concept of noble savage to literature,
1689 Continuation of Sivine Revolution in England, killer avalanches in the Alps, Formation of Grand Alliance of Habsburgs, the Dutch and the English against France, British Bill of Rights passes parliament, British William III invited to take over Scottish government from James II, English Bill of Rights written, William calls parliament and eventually William and Mary made joint monarchs- bill of rights puts parliament above monarchy James II and French land in Ireland defeated at battle of Boyne now a symbolic Protestant victory James II lives in exile in France William and Mary convert Kensington Palace away from river, death of German poet Philipp von Zesen, death of English physician Thomas Sydeham, death of Christina queen of Sweden, Hampton Court rebuilt in new image Mar 31 ceremony day before Good Friday monarch of England washes feet of paupers traditionally, but William refuse in favor of alms also refuses to heal the sick on Easter which was kings tradition instead he wishes them better health and more sense, William cedes much power to parliament in return for funding war with France (Netherlands were already at war) which would last really until 1815, death of Aphra Behn the English novelist, Parliament confirms abdication of James II, Declaration of Rights in England William and Mary proclaimed King and Queen for life in England and Scotland, death of Ex-Queen Christina of Sweden, Louis XIV declares war on Great Britain, Massacre of French settlers at Lachine near Montreal Canada by Iriquois Indians, Peter the Great becomes czar of Russia, Louis de Frontenac appointed Governor of Canada, French burn Baden-Baden, German diet declares war on France, Natal becomes Dutch colony, William and Mary recognize charters of English colonies, Racine writes tragedy, Anselm von Ziegler writes German novel, death of Pope Innocent XI Pietro Ottoboni becomes Pope Alexander VIII, John Lord Somers writes about English crown, William Sherlock writes discourse on death, Meindert Hobbema paints Avenue at Middleharnis, Henry Purcel writes opera, French explorer Baron de La Hontan visits Great Salt Lake in Utah, death of English physician Thomas Sydenham, William III establishes Devonport Naval Dockyards, Heidelberg Castle destroyed by the French, First modern trade fair held in Leiden Holland, Peter the Great becomes sole ruler of Russia, first English Bill of Rights, Toleration Act in England
1690 English East India Company official Job Charnock founds the city of Calcutta in India, William III victorious in Scotland, battle of the Boyne Williams army defeats James in Britain, Earthquake in Antilles, death of Giovanni Legrenzi the Italian composer, William starts entertaining Dutch nobles fueling rumors of collusion and homosexuality, Joseph I elected King of Romans, Act of Grace passed in England, Spain joins Great Alliance against France, William III leaves for Ireland defeats Father-in-law at Battle of the Boyne fails to take Limerick returns to England, Turks reconquer Belgrade, Dryden writes comedy, Nathaniel Lee writes tragedy, John Locke writes Essay Concerning Human Understanding, Sir William Petty writes about political arithmetics, Hobbema paints The Mill, death of French architect Charles Lebrun, death of Dutch painter David Teniers the Younger, death of Italian opera composer Giovanni Legrenzi, Purcell composes, Calcutta founded by English colonial administrator Job Charnock, Huyghens publishes theory of undulation of light, French engineer Denis Papin devises steam-powered piston pump, Academia dell arcadia founded in Rome, Athenian gazette first English periodical to answer readers letters, Calico printing introduced to Great Britain from France, Englands population reaches about 5 million, Tsunami hits Nevis, John Locke proposes social contract, Denis Papin experiments with atmospheric steam engine, Height of Mughol Empire of India
1691 Confiscation of Irish land by England, death of Dutch landscape painter Aelbert Cuyp, death of Robert Boyle the English philosopher and physicist, death of English dramatist George Etherege, death of Pope Alexander VIII Antonio Pignatelli becomes Pope Innocent XII, Turks defeated at Szcelankemen Mustafa Kiuprili killed in action, MA absorbs Plymouth colony and is given new charter, Hapsburgs recognized as rulers of Transylvania, New East India Company formed in London, Sultan Suleiman III of Turkey dies succeeded by Ahmad II, Treaty of Limerick ends Irish rebellion, Christian Faith Society for West Indies founded in London, Claude Fleury writes work on the history of churches, Kaspar Stieler writes, Henry Wharton writes, Anthony a Wood writes, Leonardo de Figueroa creates Magdalene Church in Seville, Purcel writes King Arthur opera with libretto by John Dryden, Andread Werckmeister composes, Leibniz writes regarding geology, First directory of addreswses published in Paris,
1692 Massacre at Glencoe Scotland Macdonald clan killed by rival Campbell clan, Catholics excluded from Irish parliament,
Earthquake and tsunami in Jamaica killing 30 K, Destruction of French Navy by English at La Hogue ends attempted French invation of England, Imperial troops capture Grosswardein from Turks, William III defeated at Steinkirk, Duke Ernst August of Hnover becomes 9th elector of the HRE, William OCngreve writes novel, Florent Carton Dancourt writes comedy, death of Thomas Shadwell the English dramatist, Nahum Tate made poet laureate, Edict of Toleration for Christians in China, Purcell composes the Fairy Queen, William and Mary College in VA founded, Johann Konrad Amman writes manual of language for deaf mutes, The Bank opened at the Strand in London, Queen Mary II founds Greenwich Hospital for wounded sailors and pensioners, Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibnitz invents calculating machine that multiplies and divides, China publishes Edict of Toleration for Christians, Witchcraft trials in Salem, MA
1693 Earthquake in Catania and Naples ITA Sicily too? Killing over 60 K, death of Dutch painter Willem Kalf, death of Dutch painter Nicolaes Maes, death of French novelist Marie-Madeline de La Fayette, French settle Heidelberg for second time (1688), Battle of Lagos French defeat English merchant fleet, Carolina divided into North and South, Louis XIV begins peace policy reconciliation with the Vatican, National Debt begins in England, Congreve writes comedy, death of Marie-Madeleine COmtesse de La Fayette the French novelist, La Fontaine writes Fables, Edmund Halley writes about morality, secret society Knights of the Apocalypse founded inItaly to defend the church against the antichrist, Leibniz writes about diplomaticus, John Locke writes about learning foreign languages, Cotton Mather writes Winders of the Invisible World, William Penn writes about peace in Europe, death of Dutch painter Willem Kalf, Kneller paints Dr. Burnet, death of Dutch painter Nicolaes Maes, Alessandro Scarlatti writes Teodora opera, Kingston Jamaica founded
1694 Cyclone hits Barbados, Bank of England founded as a result of war with France and housing taxed monies, Mary of England dies of smallpox and William of England faces management crisis, English fleet bombards Dieppe Le Havre and Dunkirk, Triennial Bill providing for new Parliamentary election every third year, Augustus the Strong named Elector of Saxony, Hussain becomes Shah of Persia, Congreve writes comedy, Dictionnaire de lAcademie franaise written, Kneller paiants Hampton Court Beauties, Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach begins building Castle Schonbrunn, Sir Christopher Wren creates Greenwich Hospital, Percel writes music for St. Cecilias Day, book about plants written by German botanist Rudolf Camerarius, U of Halle founded, Salt tax doubles in England, Basho Matsuo, haiku poet of Japan dies
1695 Rev. Samuel Thomas in Sc establishes school for African Americans, Cyclone hits Antilles, death of French painter Pierre Mignard, death of French poet Jean de la Fontaine, death of Dorothy Osborne the English author and traveler, death of Dutch mathematician and scientist Christian Huygens, death of Henry Purcell the English composer, death of Ahmad II of Turkey succeeded by Mustafa II, William III takes Namur after serving with his army in Holland since May, End of government press censorship in England, Russo-Turkish War Peter the Great returns to Moscow having failed to take Azov, Congreve writes Love for Love, Nikolaes Heinsius writes Dutch picturesque novel, death of La Fontaine, death of English poet Henry Vaughan, John Locke writes The Reasonableness of Christianity, death of Dutch painter Melchoir dHondedoeter, death of French painter Pierre Mignard, Wren designes Morden College in London, Purcell writes The Indian Queen, death of Henry Purcell, French scientist Fuillaume Amontonos invents pendant barometer, U of Berlin founded, death of Dutch mathematician and scientist Christian Huygens, English botanist isolates Epsom salts from North Down springs, John Woodward writes about Earths natural history, Royal Bank of Scotland founded, Window tax started in England,
1696 End of John Sobieskis reign in Poland, New coinage carried out by John Locke and Isaac Newton in England, William III campaignd in Holland against French, Peter the Great takes Asov from Turks, Russia conquers Kamchatka, English Habeas Corpus act suspended, Colley Cibber writes comedy, death of writer Mme. De Sevigne, Jean-Franois Regnard writes comedy, Christian Reuter writes German adventure novel, Thomas Southerne writes tragedy, Nicolas Antonio writes Spanish biography, William Nocolson writes English Historical Library, Kunstakademie in Berlin founded, Johann Kuhnau composes, HJohn Bellers writes about the education of children, English naturalist John Ray first describes peppermint, Building of Fort William in Calcutta, Board of Trade and Plantations founded in England, Strike of hatter journeymen in England, Lloyds News published by Lloyds coffeehouse, Peter the Great sends 50 youth to England Holland and Venice to study, First English property insurance company founded
1697 Treaty of Ryswick between France and Grand Alliance France recognizes William III as King of Englind with Princess Anne as heir presumptive, Renewal of Bank of England charter, China conquers western Mongolia, French under Andre de Brue attempt to colonize West Africa, Rule of Charles XII in Sweden, Peter the Great of Russia travels Western Europe in disguise as Peter Michailoff goes to Prussia Holland England and Vienna to study European lifestyles, lightning storm in Ireland causes explosion that destroys castle, death of John Aubrey English author, Charles XI King of Sweden dies succeeded by Charles XII, Augustus Elector of Saxony converted to Roman Catholicism elected King of Poland to succeed Jan III, Prince Eugene defeats Turks at Zenta, Congreve writes tragedy, Charles Perrault collects fairy tales, Sir John Vanbrugh writes comedy, Pierre Bayle writes reference work, William Wotton writes about learning, last remains of Maya civilization destroyed by Spanish in Yucatan, John Blows anthem written for opening of St. Pauls Cathedral in London, Daniel Defoe writes recommending income tax, French mathematician Abraham Demoivre elected Fellow Royal Society, Sedan chair a popular means of transportation, Court of Versailles becomes model for European courts, Whitehall Palace in London burned down, Lightning hits Athlone Castle igniting arsenal and killing 8, but None were killed of note, Charles Perrault publishes Contes de ma mere loie (Mother Goose Tales), End of League of Augsberg's war against France
1698 Portuguese expelled from Mombasa on east coast of Africa, Peter the Great travels W Europe in disguise, palace at Whitehall England burns and is never rebuilt, Rebellion of Czar Peters praetorian guard in Moscow leaders executed, Elector Ernest August of Hanover dies eldest son George Louis the future King George I of England becomes electoral prince, Leopold of Anhalt-Dessau introduces goose-stepping and iron ramrods in Prussian army, death of French actress Marie Champmesle, Gerard Langbaine and Charles Gildin write, Society of Promoting Christian Knowledge founded in London by Thomas Bray, Bibliotheca Casanatense founded in Rome, Algernon Sidney has wrok on government published posthumously, Jules Hardouin-Mansart creates Place Vendome in Paris, Andreas Schluter creates Royal Palace in Berlin, General Society (New East India Trading Company) founded in London, paper manufacturing begins in North America, Tax on beards in Russia, Mrs. Whites Chocolate House opens in London becomes headquarters of Tory party, Henry Winstanley begins building Eddystone Lighthouse, quake and tsunami in Japan, London Stock Exchange founded, Thomas Savery develops a steam engine,
1699 Treaty (Peace) of Karlowitz Hapsburgs gain almost all Hungary Austgria Russia Poland and Venice sign with Turkey, death of English author and diplomat Sir William Temple, death of French dramatist Racine, Denmark and Russia sign mutual defense pack, Treaty of Preobrazhenskoe signed by Russia Denmark Poland Saxony for portion of Swedish empire, death of Christian V King of Denmark succeeded by Frederick IV, Dryden writes fables, George Farquhar writes comedy, Fenelon writes Telemaque, Richard Bentley writes dissertation on religious writings, Gilbert Burnet writes Exposition of the Thirty-Nine Articles, Raoul Anger Feuillet writes manual on dance notation, William Dampier explores NW coast of Australia, Pierre Lelmoyne founds first European settlement in Louisiana at Fr. Maurepas, Billingsgate London becomes a market, Peter the Great decrees that New Year in Russia will begin on Jan 1 instead of September 1,
1700 RI, PA give slavery recognition, slave numbers reach 28,000, Age of Enlightenment introduces revolutionary new ideas to Europe, Agricultural Revolution begins in Britain, Great Northern War begins between Sweden and Russia, Europeans exploit the Caribbean, N American colonies begin to prosper, First contact between Tahitians and Europeans, death of English sculptor Caius Gabriel Cibber, death of English dramatist John Dryden, Anne of Englands son dies the Duke of Gloucester only remaining Stuart heirs in exile in France throne passes to Electress Sophia of Hanover and mother of electoral prince future King George I, death of Pope Innocent XII Gian Francesco Alani becomes Pope Clement XI, Great Northern War begins with Saxon invasion of Livonia, death of King Charles II of Spain end of Spanish Hapsburgs and Philip V grandson of Louis XIV becomes heir to the throne, Crown treaty between Emperor Leopold I and Elector Frederick III of Brandenburg who is recognized as Frederick I King in Prussia, Charles XII of Sweden defeats Peter the Great at Narva, death of French actress Armande Bejart, Congreve writes comedy, George Farquhar writes comedy, development of Kabuki theater in Japan, Thomas Hyde writes book of religious history, Earl of Bellomont as governor establishes reading room later New York Society Library, approximate start of late Baroque period, Kneller paints Matthew Prior, Palace of Forty Pillars redesigned, William Croft composes, Jpseph Sauveur measures and explains musical vibration in tones, Berlin academy of Science founded Leibniz elected president, French chemist J.P. de Tournefort discovers ammonium chloride, commode becomes popular piece of furniture, Frances population reaches 19 million England and Scotland 7.5 million Hapsburg dominions 7.5 million Spain 6 million, Samuel Sewall writes first American protest against slavery, Unmarried women taxed in Berlin, the Andalusian Francisco Romero becomes first famous Spanish bull fighter, Cascadia zone quake estimated at 9 tsunami hits US Vancouver Island and Japan, Bach composes Toccata and Fugue in D minor, German Protestant states adopt Gregorian calendar, Great Northern War begins, Swedes defeat Russians, Charles II dies, ending Hapsburg rule of Spain - Bourbon Dynasty begins
1701 Seed drill invented, Osei Tutu creates free Asante nation in W Africa, War of Spanish Succession begins until 1713, City of Detroit founded by Antoine de Cadillac, British Act of Settlement William III will be succeeded by sister-in-law Anne, then afterwards Sophia of Hanover granddaughter of James I, death of French novelist Madelaine de Scudery English line of succession passed without Scottish blessing Georg of Hanover named heir although first Protestant in line he was 51st in line Scots demand different king, death of King James II of England in French exile, Elector Frederick III of Brandenburg crowns self King Frederick I of Prussia, War of Spanish Succession begins, Act of Settlement provides for Protestant succession in England and House of Hanover, Charles XII of Sweden invades Courland and Poland, Prince Eugene defeats French at Carpi and Chiara, death of James II of England Louis XIV recognizes the Old Pretender James Edward son of James II as King James III, Daniel Defoe writes satire, George Farquhar writes comedy, death of English author Sir Charles Sedley, Sir Richard Steele writes comedy, Jeremy Collier writes dictionary of current geology genealogy and current issues, Arai Hakeseki writes history of feudal lords (Daimyo) of Japan, Benjamin Whichcote writes about morals and religion, Father Francisco Ximenes translates sacred national book of the Quiche Indians of Guatemala, Hyacinthe Rigaud paints Louis XIV, music publisher Henry Playford establishes a series of Oxford concerts, U of Venice founded, Yalle College founded in both Saybrook and New Haven CT, Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac founds settlement at Detroit to control Illinois trade, Royal charters to weavers in Axminster and Wilton for making carpets, Captain William Kidd hanged for piracy (age 56), Jethro Tull invents three-row seed-planting drill, Frederick III crowned Frederick I of Prussia, War of Spanish Succession begins, Jethro Tull invents seed drill in England, First translation of Mayan sacred text "Popul Vuh"
1702 Death of William in England chest infection from horseriding accident sister-in-law Anne rules England, first British daily newspaper published, Anne addresses Parliament re-establishing England over Dutch interests, Because of war for Spanish crown England renews war against France against Louis XIV appoints John Churchill Duke of Marlborough as leader of army Anne and his Johns wife Sarah are friends Duke of Marlborough takes Benlo Ruremonde and Liege, Charles XII takes Warsaw and Cracow, Rebellion of Protestant Peasants of Camisards in Cevennes, Geroge Farquhar writes comedy, Earliest form of English pantomime given in London, Edward Busshe writes about English poetry, Earl of Clarendon writes first-hand account of wars in England, Daniel Defoe writes about dealing with dissenters, Cotton Mather writes the ecclesiastical history of New England, Armenian priest Mekhitar of Sebaste founds order of the Mekhitarists Roman Catholic Armenian monks in Rome, Japan painter Ogota Korin unites two imperial schools of Japanese painting Kano and Tamato, Fisher von Erlach finishes Church of the Holy Trinity in Salzburg, Jean Antoine Watteay arrives in Paris, death of French organist and composer N.A. de Le Begue, French settlement in Alabama, Jesuit College founded in Breslau, Asiento Guinea Company founded for slave trade between Africa and America, Daily Courant becomes first daily newspaper issued in London, Moscow Gazette published, Many German towns lit by oil, Serfdom abolished in Denmark, Queen Anne of England gives royal approval to horseracing and originates sweepstakes idea racing for cash,
1703 47 ronin commit suicide in Japan to honor their dead lord, Peter the Great founds St. Petersburg. Earthquake in Tokyo kills 200,000, Great Storm in England- windstorm on North Sea causes windmills arms to catch fire due to friction, Earthquake and tsunami in Japan, Scottish parliament convenes against England somewhat debate about who would succeed Anne, death of Samuel Pepys the English diarist, death of Marquise de Maintenon the consort of Louis XIV, death of Robert Hooke the English physician, death of Mustafa II in Turkey, DE separates from PA to becomes separate colony, Swedish victory over Russians at Rultusk, Marlborough takes Bonn Prince Eugene campaigns in S. Germany, Archduke Charles proclaimed King of Spain in Madrid, Methuen Treaty between England and Portugal, death of English diarist Samuel Pepys, death of French author Charles Perraylt, Richard Steel writes comedy, Jphn Adair writes description of islands off Scotland, first A-Z dictionary in England, work started on Buckingham Palace in London, death of French composer Nicolas de Grigny, Isaac Newton elected president of Royal Society, eddystone lighthouse destroyed by storm, Peter the Great lays foundations of St. Petersburg, Saniel Defoe pilloried for his pamphlet The Shortest Way with Dissenters, St. Petersburg established in Russia
1704 French routed in War of Spanish Succession at battle of Blenheim Queen Anne holds service at St. Pauls honoring General Churchill Earl of Marlborough Englands greatest victory since Henry V at Agincourt, death of English philosopher John Locke, death of German composer Heinrich Ignaz Franz von Biber, death of Virginia planter William Byrd I, Augustus II of Poland deposed Stanislas Leszczynski elected King Stanislas I, French and Indians massacre inhabitants of Deerfield CT, Marlborough marches toward Danube meets Prince Eugine near Mandelsheim they approach Ulm and defeat French and Bavarians at Blenheim, English take Gibraltar, Peter the Great takes Dorpat Narva, Geroge Farquhar writes comedy, Jean-Francois Regnard writes comedy of manners, Jonathan Swift writes, William Wycherly writes poetry, dictionary of Trevost published by Jesuits, posthumous memoirs published by Raimondo Montecuccoli, Voltaire enters Jesuit college, J.S. bach writes first cantata, Jeremiah Clarke becomes organist at Chapel Royal, Handel writes St. John Passion, death of H.I.F. von Biber the German violinist, John Harris writes encyclopedia of the sciences, Isaac Newton writes Optics to explain theory of light, Daniel Defoe starts weekly newspaper while imprisoned, death of English journalist Sir Roger LEstrange, Beau Nash becomes master of ceremonies at Bath, first surviving American newspaper published in Boston, Earliest subscription library in Berlin, Vossische Zeitung in Berlin until 1933, Darley Arabian greatest racehorce of its time arrives in England from Aleppo, Americas first periodical published, English philosopher John Locke dies
1705 Bey Husain ibn Ali founds dynasty at Tunis, N Africa, Kongo prophetess Dona Beatrice founds new religious cult and helps end civil war, Cyclone hits Cuba, death of Ninon de Lenclos the French courtesan, death of John Ray English naturalist, death of Italian painter Luca Giordano, English pass Aliens Act making Scotting people alien and banning trade unless they submit to union, death of Emperor Leopold I eldest son Joseph I rules, Rebellion in Astrakhan against Czar Peters westernization in Russia, English navy takes Barcelona, Colley Cibber writes comedy, His Magestys Theater opens in London, Sir Richard Steele writes comedy, Sir John Vanbrugh writes comedy, Samuel Clarke writes about the attributes of God, Christian Thomasius writes, Ange-Jacques Gabriel creates the Ecole Militaire in Paris, death of Italian painter Luca Giordano, Young J.S. Bach walks 200 miles to Lubeck to hear the Abendmusicken directed by Buxtehude, Handel writes opera, Jacques Bernoulli the Swiss mathematician dies, Edmund Halley predicts the return of the comet in 1758, death of English naturalist John Ray, Royal Observatory in Berlin founded, John Smith hanged for burglary in England, but after 15 minutes is cut down on reprieve and eventually recovers - He is nicknamed Half Hanged Smith, Queen Anne knights Sir Isaac Newton, Thomas Newcomen invents a steam engine, Husseinids establish Dynasty in Tunis
1706 Eruption of Teide Tenerife near Guarrachico, death of German painter Michael Willmann, British Union of Comissioners convenes in White Hall to unify kingdoms into one Great Britain but freedom of trade must be accepted both sides agree Scottish now have rights to New World and English money sent back to parliaments to ratify Scots parliament agree partially due to bribery final vote 1707, death of Pierre Bayle the French philosopher, death of German composer and organist Johann Pachebel, Charles XII of Sweden defeats Russians and Saxons at Franstadt, Marlborough conquers Spanish Netherlands, Prince Eugene defeats French at Turin, Charleston SC successfully defended against French and Spanish, Peace of Altrandstadt Augustus renounces Polish throne and recognizes King Stanislas I, Daniel Defoe writes, death of English diarist John Evelyn, George Farquhar writes comedy, Sir John Vanbrugh writes comedy, Isaac Watts writes, Matthew Tindal writes religious work, Filippo Juvara creates Church of La Superba in Turin, death of German painter Michael Willmann, Giovanni Morgagni writes Adversaria anatomica, Olous Romers catalogue of astronomical observations, Second Eddystone Lighthouse begun, First evening paper issued in Londin, English inventor Henry Mill constructs carriage springs, The Sun Fire Office founded in London,
1707 Mt. Fuji begins erupting, tsunami in Honshu Japan kills 30000, Moghul empire begins to break up and Aurangzeb dies, Act of Union unites England and Scotland, Naples returns to Italian control (Spanish since 1504), death of Aurangzeb the Later Mogul Emperor of Hindustan, Scotland riots due to fear of English domination but towns grow rapidly Anne of England ceremonially visits St. Pauls to rouse nationalism Sarah Churchill estranged by political differences begins veiled accusations of lesbianism Sarah who would put out Queens jewels was also offended when Anne refused to wear them and they have a teriffic fight, death of Dutch painter Willem van de Velde the Younger, death of Danish composer Dietrich Buxtehude, death of Italian composer Guiseppe Aldrovandini, death of Irish dramatist George Farquhar, death of Peter II of Portugal John V rules, Official union of Great Britain, Perpetual Alliance signed between Prussia and Sweden, Aurangzeb the Mogul Emperor of Hingustan dies succeeded by Bahadur Shah, Charles XII and Stanislav come to understanding with Cossack hetman Ivan Stepanovich Mazeppa concerning the Ukraine, Farquhar writes comedy, death of English dramatist George Farquhar, Alain Rene Lesage writes, Edward Lhuyd writes on Celtic language, death of French Benedictine scholar Jean Mabillon, Isaac Watts writes Hymns and Songs, Fischer von Erlach finishes Kollegien-Kirche in Salzburg, death of Danish composer Dietrich Buxtehude, Handel in Venice meeting with Domenico Scarlatti, Great German organ builder Gottfried Silbermann builds first organ at Frauenstein in Saxony, British land in Acadia at French Canada, Sir John Floyer introduces counting of rate of pulse beats, French engineer Denis Papin invents high-pressure boiler, E.W. von Tschirnhans assisted by alchemist J.F. Bottger discovers in Dresden the secret of hard porcelain similar to that of China, Billiards introduced in Berlin coffeehouses, Last eruption of Mount Fujiyama, Cricket mentioned in Chamberlaynes State of England, Sir John Floyer introduces counting heartbeats, England and Scotland unite as great Britain, fall of Mughol Empire after death of Aurangzeb - India divided
1708 Slaves exceed numbers of European colonists in Carolinas, Death of German dramatist Christian Weise, death of Italian composer Guiseppe Torelli, Old Pretender arrives at Firth of Forth returns four days later to France, Marlborough and Eugene defeat French at Oudenarde, British capture Minorca and Sardinia, British East India Company and New East India Company merged, Charles XII invades the Ukraine, Peter the Great divides Russia into eight government districts to ease administration, death of Norwegian poet Petter Dass, First German theater opens in Bienna, Jean-Francois Regnard writes comedy, Jeremy Collier writes ecclesiastical history of Britain, Bernard de Montfaucon writes, Professorship of poetry founded at Oxford U, death of French architect Jules Hardouin-Mansart, death of English composer John Blow, Handel in Rome and Naples, Hermann Boerhaave writes theory of inflammation, new figures of Gog and Magog at London Guildhall replace earlier ones destroyed by Great Fire,
1709 Ghilzai people under Mir Vais defeat Persian army Afghanistan no longer obedient to Persians, Death of Japanese shogun Tsunayoshi, death of Dutch painter Meindert Hobbema, death of Viennese preacher and satirist Abraham a Saneta Clara, death of Polands King Stanislas I, Peace negotiations at The Hague, Peter the Great defeats Charles XII at Battle of Poltava, Marlborough (The Butcher and Prince Eugene take Tournai defeat French at Malplaquet and conquer Mons, Ienobe becomes Shogun in Japan, 14,000 inhabitants of the Palatinate emigrate to N America eventually 5 million by end of 1800s, Alain Rene Lesage writes comedy, Alexander Pope writes, First issue of Steeles and Addisons The Tatler, death of Viennese preacher and satirist Abraham a Sancta Clara, John Strype writes about the reformation, death of Dutch painter Mindert Hobbema, For hes a jolly good fellow becomes popular after battle of Malplaquet possibly first after Marlborough, Invention of the pianoforte by Bartolomeo Cristofori the harpsichord maker, George Berkeley writes theory of vision, Japanese magnolias introduced into England, Italian Johann Maria Farina produces eau-de-cologne in Cologne, Postage rates in England regulated by milage, First Russian prisoners sent to Siberia, first Copyright Act in Britain, England negotiates first peaceful transfer of power, Blast furnace iron production in England, Piano invented in Italy
1710 Drought in W Central AFR, Dey becomes pasha in Algiers, controlling N Algeria, English stalemate in France war, First budget in Russia Peter the Great imposes beard tax, British conquer Port Royal in Acadia, Mauritius formerly Dutch becomes French, death of English actor and dramatist Thomas Betterton, William Congreves collected works published, literary periodical issued for first time, First appearance of comedy character of Hanswurst in suburban theaters of Bienna, George Berkeley writes about human knowledge, William King writes history of the heathen gods and heroes, Leigniz writes Theodicee in which he claims that God created the best of all possible worlds later lampooned by Voltaire, Cotton Mather writes essays, Gabriel Boffrand creates Hotel Amelot in Paris, Wren creates Marlborough House in Westminster London, Handel becomes Kapellmeister to elector prince George of Hanover, Jakob Chrostoph Le Blon the German engraver invents three-color printing, English South Sea Company founded, German cleric and explorer Theodor Krump publishes account of his travels to Abyssinia, Berlin Hospital founded, Porcelain factory at Meissen Saxony founded, George Berkeley's "Principles of Human Knowledge"
1711 Tuscarora War between settlers and Native Americans in N Carolina, Storm hits Belle Isle Canada wrecking English ships, Duke of Marlborough fired as head of armies of England wife fights with Queen, death of Emperor Joseph I eventually succeeded by brother Charles Vi father of Maria Theresa, Peace of Szathmar Charles Vi guarantees Hungarian constitution, English Bank charter expires, death of Emperor Joseph I, War between Russia and Turkey, death of The Dauphin by next year the Duke of Burgundy the Duches and eldest son also die, Rio de Janeiro captured by French, Tuscarora War in N Carolina Indians massacre 200 settlers, Duke of Marlborough dismissed as Commander-in-Chief, Prosper Jolyot de Crebillon writes tragedy, The Spectator written by Addison and Steele, Jonathan Swift writes, Alexander Pope writes, Francis Atterbury writes about religion, Berlin Academy started with Leibniz as president, Earl Anthony Ashley Cooper writes book of manners,Thomas Maddox writes history of antiquities, William Whiston writes Primitive Christianity Revived, Christoph Dientzenhofer words on St. Nikolas in Prague, Dresden Zwinger built by M.D. Poppelmann, London Academy of Arts established under Geoffrey Kneller, Clarinet used for first time in an orchestra, Handel writes opera, English trumpeter John Shore invents tuning fork, Encounter between Peter the Great and Leibniz, Queen Anne establishes Ascot races
1712 Slave revolt in NY causes 9 deaths, In England Thomas Newcomen invents a workable steam pump for mines, Religious warfare in Switzerland, death of Giocanni Domenico Cassini the Italian astronomer, death of English protector Richard Cromwell, England renamed Great Britain as it comes to full power, peace congress opens at Utrecht, treaty of Aarau ends Swiss war, Antoine Crozat franteed possession of Louisiana for 15 years, Peter the Great marries mistress Catharina Alexajovna, Henry St. John made Lord Bolingbroke, War of succession between Shah Bahadurs four sons in India, death of English author William King, Alexander Pope writes The Rape of the Lock, Jonathan Swift writes, Academie des sciences in Bordeaux founded, Biblioteca national in Madrid founded, St. Pauls near London created by Thomas Archer, Gabriel Boffrand creates Hotel de Monimorency in Paric, John James creates St. Georges in London, Arcangelo Corelli composes, Handel writes opera, Cotton Mather begins work Curiosa Americana, death of French physicist Denis Papin, last execution for witchcraft in England, Newspaper Stamp Act in England, St. Petersburg made capital of Russia, slave revolts in New York, PA outlaws importation of slaves, Thomas Newcome develops first practical atmospheric steam engine
1713 End of War of Spanish Succession, Reign of Frederick William I of Prussia begins as Frederick I dies, some peace between France and England, health of Anne of England begins to fail, death of English philosopher 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury, Spain agrees at Utrecht to cede Gibraltar and Minorca to Great Britain, Peace of Utrecht signed, Swedes capitulate at Oldenburg, Peace of Adrianople between Turkey and Russia, Pragmatic Sanction issued by Emperor Charles VI states female right of succession in Hapsburg domains, Charles XII of Sweden taken prisoner by Turks at Bender Moldavia, the infant Ietsugu becomes Shogun of Japan, Joseph Addison writes classical tragedy, Alexander Pope rules, Scriblerus Club founded in London by Swift Pope Congreve and others, Arthur Collier writes inquiry of truth, Fenelon writes about the attributes of God, Abbe Saint Pierre writes, Clarendon Building elected in Oxford, Boffrand creates the Hotel de Seigneley Paris, Alexandre Franois Desportes paints Spaniels with Dead Game, building of Prince Eugenes Palais Belvedere in Vienna, Spanish Royal Academy in Madrid founded, Johann Lukas von Heldebrandt creates Palais Kinsky in Vienna, Watteau paints LIndifferent, death of Italian composer Arcangelo Corelli, Handel composes, School of Dance established at Paris Opera, Board of Longitude in England, Roger Cotes the English mathematician revises Newtons works, death of English banker Francis Child, Pigtails introduced in Prussian Army, St. Petersburg becomes capital of Russia
1714 France captures island of Mauritius, Death of Anne of England cousin George (Gay-org originally) Ludvig I rules as George I of England 52nd in line and older advisors are German start of Hanoverian rule and many supporters are Tory, end of Spanish War of Succession, George I holds royal court favoring Whig party starting one-party rule for decades, Peace of Rastatt between France and HRE, Battle of Storkyro establish Russian domination of Finland, Peace of Baden France keeps Strasbourg and Alsace, Philip V of Spain marries Elizabeth Farnese, King George I lands in England Marlborough reinstated, Charles XII of Sweden ends Turkish captivity and arrives at Stralsund, Tripoli becomes independent of Turkey, John Gay writes pastoral, Nicholas Rowes Stage Edition of Shakespeare published, Gorrfried Arnold writes, German jurist Justus Bohmer publishes, Leibniz publishes, Worcester college at Oxford founded, Thomas Archer creates St. Johns in London, Boffrand creates Hotel de Torcy at Paris, James Gibbs creates St. Mary-le-Strand in London, death of German architect Andreas Schluter, French surgeon Dominique Anel invents fine-pointed syringe for surgical purposes, Fahrenheit constructs mercury thermometer with temperature scale, Witch trials abolished in Prussia, Treaty of Utrecht ends War of Spanish Succession, In Germany Fahrenheit invents thermometer
1715 NC gives slavery recognition, passes laws against racial cohabitation, slave meetings, End reign of Louis XIV of France after 72 years of being on the throne, First Jacobite rising in Britain attempts to restore Stuart Dynasty, Yamasee nation attacks South Carolina colony, killing hundreds of English, Cyclone hits Straits of Florida sinking Spanish ships, Scotland builds Jacobite army (in support of James and not George) they march toward Georg I of England battle unsure as who wins, James (VIII) at palace of Scone claims throne of Scotland and thus England his followers start to desert as he seems unfit to rule and since French support dries after death of Louis XIV James retreats, death of French philosopher Nicolas Malebranche, death of English poet Laureate Nahum Tate, first parliament of George I opens, Rising of Indian tribes in S. Carolina, Louis XIV of France dies great grandson age 5 Louis XV rules under regency of Duc d Orleans, Jacobite rebellion (the fifteen) in Scotland under Earl of Mar Jacobites defeated at Sheriffmuir and Preston Pretender James III arrives from France, Mir Abdullah becomes ruler in Kandahar, Gian Vincenzo Gravina writes, Lesage writes, Matthew Prior writes didactic poem, Irish actor James Quin appears in Tamerlane, Nicholas Rowe writes Lady Jane Grey, death of poet Nahum Tate, Isaac Watts writes Divine Songs for Children, Italian Jesuit missionary Giuseppe Castiglione arrives in China and influences Chinese painting, Early beginnings of rococo, GB Tiepolo paints Sacrifice of Isaac, Vaudevilles (popular musical comedies) appear in France, British mathematician Brook Taylor invents the calculus of finite differences, prize given for annual rowing race of Thames watermen Doggetts Coat and Badge by Thomas Doggett, English painter and architect William Kent frees the English garden from formality, first Liverpool dock built, Louis XV of France, French Rococo architecture, First folding umbrella in France
1716 Reforming shogun Tokugawa Yoshimune rules Japan until 1745, Manshu emperor Kangxi sends troops to expel Junkar people from Tibet, French build fortress in Louisbourg, CAN, James (III) The Old Pretender flees to France abandoning army and letting George I rule Britain, death of William Wycherley The English dramatist, death of German philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz, King George I of England returns to Germany on 16 month visit but he detests son George II and leave protector in power, Emperor Charles VI declares war on Turkey, Treaty of Westminster between England the the HRE, Prince Eugene defeats Turks at Peterwardein Temesvar last Turkish possession in Hungary falls, Peter the Great bisits Europe for second time, Yoshimune becomes Shogun of Japan, anthology of Portuguese poetry edited by da Silva, First company of English actors appears in America at Williamsburg VA, John Gay writes Trivia, Hakuseki writes Japanese autobiography, Christian religious teaching prohibited in China, Fischer von Erlach builds th Karlkirche in Vienna, Watteau paints La Leon damour, Couperin composes LArt de toucher le clavecin, Scottish economist John Law establishes the Banque generale in France, Diario di Roma becomes the first Italian newspaper published, The Historical Register published, German philosopher Gottfried Leibniz born
1717 Spain establishes viceroyalty of New Granada in South America, Flood in The Hague Netherlands, Rivalry between King of England and son Prince of Wales hits climax and prince expelled from palace, James III The Old Pretender (English) forced to leave France, Peter the Great in Paris, Prince Eugene defeats Turks at Belgrade, Separate Afghan state under Abdalis of Herat, Mongols occupy Lhasa, first appearance of great French actress Adrienne Lecouvreur, Armenian Mekhitarist monks settle on island of San Lazzaro in Venice, Cardinal de Retz Memoires published posthumously, Burlington House in London remodled by Colin Campbell, Watteau paints Embarkation for the Isla of Cythera, J.S. Bach publishes organ music, Handels Water Music played for first time on the Thames, Loves of Mars and Venus ballet given by John Weaver in London, John Laws Mississippi Company holds monopoly of trade with Louisiana, Inoculation against smallpox introduced in England by Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, Mother Grand Lodge of Freemasons established in London, Balue of golden guinea fixed at 21 shillings, school attendance in Prussia made compulsory, Orffyreus supposedly creates perpetual motion wheel but lets no one see interior, Prussia makes school attendance compulsory, Mongols raid Tibet, later defeated by Chinese
1718 End of rule of Charles XII of Sweden, Death of William Penn Quaker founder of Pennsylvania, dispute between Spanish and French over Texas begins, Volcano erupts in Antilles, Avalanche in Switzerland, New Orleans founded, death of English Quaker and colonizer William Penn, death of Charles XII of Sweden killed at Fredriksten during expedition against Norway, England declares war on Spain, Peter the Great has son and heir Alexis murdered, Peace of Passarowitz ends war between Empire and Turkey, Quadruple alliance signed by France HRE England and Holland, Colley Cibber writes comedy, death of French dramatist P.A. Motteux, death of English poet and dramatist Nicolas Rowe, Voltaire imprisoned in Bastille writes Edipe, Accademia dei Scienze Lettere ed Arti founded at Palermo, Philibert-Joseph Le Roux writes dictionary of burlesque satire and proverbs, London Society of Antiquaries founded, Kneller paints Duke of Norfolk, Watteau paints Parc Fete, Handel becomes Kappelmeister to Duke of Chandos, French scientist Etienne Geoffroy presents tables of affinities to the Academie, English inventor Thomas Lonbe patents machine which makes thrown silk, Collegadt School of America transferred to New Haven and renamed Yale, First bank notes in England, The Leeds Mercury published, Porcelain manufactured for first time in Vienna, Founding of New Orleans by Mississippi Company, French establish New Orleans, Spain takes Texas
1719 death of English poet Joseph Addison, France declares war on Spain, Liechtenstein becomes independent principality, Peace of Stockholm between Sweden and Hanover, Ireland declared inseparable from England, Mohammed Shah grandson of Bahadur Shah b ecomes the Great Mogul, Daniel Defoe writes Robinson Crusoe, Thomas DUrfey writes humor book, Ludvig Holberg writes Danish heroic poem, Jesuits expelled from Russia, death of Dutch painter Jan Weenix, death of English astronomer John Flamsteed, Dimitrie Cantemir the Russian musician writes book on Turkish music, Handel directs Royal Academy of Music in London, The American Mercury published in Philadelphia, Oldest English barracks erected in Berwick-Upon-Tweed, The Boston Gazette founded by William Brooker, death of Mme. De Maintenon wife of Louis XIV, Oriental Company founded in Vienna to trade in the East, Westminster Hospital in London founded, first cricket match Londoners v. Kentish Men, James FIgg wins English boxing title which he keeps 13 years, Jesuits expelled from Russia
1720 killer avalanches in the Alps, Drought in W Central AFR, Yoruba state of Oyo dominates area W of Niger, Kangxi enthrones seventh Dalai Lama in Tibet, South Sea Bubble financial scandal in England, Texas becomes Spanish possession, partial reconciliation between King George and Prince George (II) of England, Treaty of Stockholm between Sweden and Prussia, Ulrica Wueen of Sweden abdicates and is succeeded by her husband Frederick Prince of Hesse-Cassel, Treaty of Fredericksborg between Sweden and Denmark, South Sea Bubble the English speculation craze burst, Failure of John Laws Mississippi Company leads to French national bankruptcy, William Burnet Governor of New York extends trade with the Indiand, Pragmatic Sanction recognized by estates of Upper and Lowe Austria, Spain occupies Texas, Tibet becomes Chinese protectorate, Defoe writes, John Gay collected poetry, Old Haymarket Theater opens in London, first serialization of novels in newspapers, Arthur Collins writes Baronetage of England, Bernard de Montfaucon writes abour antiquities, Vico writes about law, James Gibbs creates Octagon Orleans House in England, Nicholas Hawksmoor builds St. Georges in London, G.B. Tiepolo paints Martyrdom of St. Bartholomew, Handel composes, Palatinate court mobbed from Heidelberg to Mannheim, First collective settlement in Vermont, Wallpaper becomes fashionable in England, first yacht club established at Cork Harbor in Ireland, serialized novels appear in newspapers, Texas regains independence, Failure of South Seas Company of London, Shogun Yoshimune allows study of European books in Japan
1721 End of Great Northern War Russia victorious and replaces Sweden as the dominant power in NE Europe, Robert Walpole becomes first and longest serving British prime minister until 1742, death of English poet Matthew Prior, John Aislabie Chancellor of Exchequer sent to Tower of London for fraud relating to South Sea Bubble Robert Walpole made Chancellor and soon restores public credit, Peter I proclaimed Emperor of All the Russias, China suppresses Formosa revolt, Pierre de Marivaux writes comedy, Montesquieu writes novel in letters, death of English poet Matthew Prior, Nathaniel Bailey writes English dictionary, Michele Angelo Conti elected Pope Innocent XIII succeeding Pope Clement XI, Johann Theodor Jablonski Danzig publishes first short encyclopedia, death of English sculptor Grinling Gibbons, death of artist Jean Antoine Watteau, J.S. Bach composes Brandenburg Concertos, Handel composes serenata, Georg Philipp Telemann arrives in Hamburg as director of music, death of American administrator Elihu Yale, Emigration problems in Prussia, Regular postal service between London and New England, Swiss immigrants introduced rigles into America, Russians under Peter the Great win great Northern War, Robert Walpole serves as first British Prime Minister, First smallpox inocculations in Boston, MA
1722 Death of Kangxi Manshu emperor of China, new Manshu emperor Yongzheng signs treaty with Russia and defines Siberian-Mongolian border, Asante conquer kingdom of Bono-Bansu in Akan region of W Africa, Dutch navigator Roggeveen reaches Samoa Islands and Easter Island in Pacific, Cyclone hits Jamaica, death of John Churchill the Duke of Marlborough, death of French painter Jean Antoine Watteau, end of Spanish occupation of Texas, death of John Churchill Duke of Marlborough, Hungary rejects Pragmatic Santion, Mir Mahmud conquers Afghanistan and becomes Shah, Austrian East India Company founded, With Shih Tsung the Yung Cheng dynasty accedes in China, Daniel Defoe writes, Danish dramatist Ludvig Holberg begins his theater in Copenhagen, Richard Steele writes comedy, Herrnhut founded as Moravian settlement in Saxony by Count Zinzendorf, death of Christoph Dientzenhofer German architect, James Gibbs builds St. Martin-in-the-Fields in London, J.S. Bach composes, Johann Mattheson writes on musical criticism, Rameau composes, German chemist Friedrich Hoffmann discovers that the base of alum in an individual substance, R.A. Ferchault de Reaumur writes about steel making, British Parliament forbids journalists to report debates, London bookseller Thomas Guy dedicates 300,000 pounds for founding of Guys Hospital, French painter Hyacinthe Rigaud publishes handbook for traveling, Workhouse Test Act passes to care for poor,
1723 death of Dutch zoologist Antony van Leeuwenhoek, death of English architect Christopher Wren, death of American clergyman Increase Mather, death of German-English portrait painter Godfrey Kneller, death of Austrian architect Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach, death of Johann Christian Gunther the German poet, Louis XV obtains majority in France, Treaty of Charlottenburg between England and Prussia Gransdon of George I to marry Prussian princess Prince Frederick to marry daughter of Princess of Wales, Prussia establishes ministry of war finance and domains, death of German poet Johann Christian Gunther, John Thurmond has Dr. Faustus pantomime performed in London, Voltaire writes history, Chinese encyclopedia written, Lodovico Antonio Muratori collects medival materials, Pedro de Ribiere builds Toledo bridge, J.S. Bach composes St. John Passion, Bach appointed Thomascantor in Leipzig after Telemann refuses post, Handel composes opera, M.A. Capeller writes about crystallography, death of Dutch scientist Antony van Leeuwenhoek, Duty on tea reduced by Walpole, England allows Jews to take oaths without the words On the true faith of a Christian
1724 Slaves in LA banned from carrying weapons, violence, King Agaja of Dahomey W Africa temporarily disrupts slave trade, Asaf Jah, minister of the Moghul empire retires to the Deccan becomes independent and declared first Nizam of the Hyderabad, Peter the Great founds Russian Academy of Sciences, death of German singer and composer Johann Theile, death of Pope Innocent XIII Pierro Francesco Orsini becomes Pope Benedict XIII, Philip V of Spain abdicates successor Luis I dies and Philip becomes King again, Mahmud of Afghanistan becomes insane, Czar Peter the Great crowns his wife Catherine Czarina, Austrian Netherlands agree to Pragmatic Sanction, Saniel Defoe writes Roxana, Longmans publishing house oldest in England founded, death of Noel Alexandre the French historian, John Oldmixon writes history of England, Progessorships of modern history and languages founded at Oxford and Cambridge, Leonardo de Figueroa cuilds in Spain, James Gibbs builds in Cambridge, Prince Eugenes Belvedere in Vienna finished by J.L. Hildebrandt, Couperin composes, Handel composes opera, Three Choirs Festival founded for English colleges, Hermann Boerhaave writes about chemical elements, Daniel Defoe writes about tour of Britain, Gin drinking becomes popular in Great Britain, Charles Johnson writes about robberies and murders of pirates, Paris Bourse opens, English highwayman Jack Sheppard executed,
1725 Death of Peter the Great in Russia wife Catherine rules, Fulani Muslim cleric Alfa Ibrahim appointed Commander of the Faithful in Futa Jalon in W Africa, Gujin tushu jicheng encyclopedia commissioned by Qing emperor Yongzheng, death of Italian composer Alessandro Scarlatti, Treaty of Vienna guarantees the Pragmatic Sanction, Louis XV of France marries Maria Leszczynska of Poland, Ashraf Shah of Afghanistan succeeded Mahmud in Persia, Letters of Mme. De Sevigne published posthumously, Allan Ramsay writes pastoral, James Thompson writes poem in blank verse, Alexander Pope translates The Odyssey of Homer, Francis Hutcheson writes about ideals of Beauty and Virtue, Antonio Canaletto paints Four Views of Venice, Spanish Steps of Rome finished, Bach composes, J.J. Fox writes treatise on counterpoint, Handel composes opera, first public concert given in Paris by D. Philidor, Pragueopera house founded, Guillaume Delisle creates map of Europe, St. Petersburg Academy of Science founded by Catherine I, George I revives Military Order of the Bath, New York Gazette issued, Vivaldi's "The Four Seasons" composed
1726 Cardinal Andre Fleury governs France peacefully for 17 years, Spanish found city of Montevideo in Uruguay to stop Portuguese spread out of Brazil, death of French composer and organist Michel de Lalande, death of English architect and dramatist John Vanbrugh, death of Domenico Zipoli the Italian composer and organist, Alliance between HRE and Russia against Turkey, Treaty of Wusterhausen Prussia guarantees Pragmatic Sanction, death of English author Jeremy Collier, Daniel Defoe writes, Jonathan Swift writes Gullivers Travels, Voltaire banished from France and flees to England 3 years, St. John of the Cross canonized, Johann Lorenz von Mosheim writes about ecclesiastical history, Colin Campbell creates Compton Place in Sussex, G.B. Tiepolo creates Frescoes in the palace at Udine, Handel becomes British subject, La Camargo the French ballerina makes debut at Paris opera, Rameau writes about new musical theories, Stephen Hales measures blood pressure, Jphn Harrison the English clockmaker invents gridiron pendulum, Lloyds List issued twice weekly in London, First circulating library established by Allan Ramsay in Edinburgh, General George Wade builds 250 miles of military roads in Scottish Highlands,
1727 Death of Mulai Ismail followed by 30 years of anarchy in Morocco, Coffee first planted in Brazil by Europeans, first discovery of diamonds in Brazil in area where gold is mined, Death of George I of England on his way to Hanover GER - George II rules with wife Caroline crowned with Handels music and great pomp, Earthquake in Persia, death of Sir Isaac Newton, death of Czarina Catherine of Russia Peter II grandson of Peter the Great rules, Spanish siege of Gibraltar war between Spain and England, Amur frontier between China and Russia rectified, England first uses Hessian mercenaries, Philippe Destouches writes comedy, John Gay writes Fables, Moses Hayyim Luzzatto writes allegorical drama in Hebrew, American Philosophical Society founded in Philadelphia, John Balguy writes The Foundation of Moral Goodness, Francesco Scipione Maffei writes about diplomacy, Hildebrandt creates Mirabell Palace at Salzburg, William Kent paints The Designs of Inigo Jones, John Michael Rysbrack paints George I, death of Italian composer Francesco Gasparini, Daniel Defoe creates handbook for English tradesmen, Stephen Hales writes about the nutrition of plants and plant physiology, death of Isaac Newton, Coffee first planted in Brazil, First marriage advertisement in a paper (Manchester ENG), Satirical periodical published by Pope, Swift and Dr. Abuthnot, Quakers demand abolition of slavery, Racing Calendar published for first time showing records run previous year, JH Schulze pioneers photography
1728 death of German philosopher Christian Thomasius, death of MA writer and witch hunter Cotton Mather, Spain raises siege of Gibraltar after 14 months, Congress of Soissons, Treaty of Berlin between HRE Charles VI and Frederick William of Prussia, Henry Fielding writes comedy, Alexander Pope writes, Allan Ramsay writes Poems Richard Savage writes, Ephraim Chambers writes regarding the arts and sciences, Francis Hutcheson writes about the emotions, William Law writes religious book, Jpnathan Swift writes regarding Ireland, Chardin paints The Rain, James Gibbs creates Book of Architecture, John Gay composes Beggars Opera, Dutch explirer Vitus Behring discovers strait, James Bradley discovers aberration of light of fixed stars, William Byrd writes regarding relationship between Britain and the Americas, P. Fauchard writes about dentistry and teeth, Madrid Lodge of Freemasons founded soon suppressed by Inquisition,
1729 Yongzheng sets up Grand Council of military advisors in China, death of Irish journalist Richard Steele, end of Congress of Soissons, Treaty of Seville between France Spain and England, Portugal loses Mombasa to the Arabs, Founding of Baltimore, N and S Carolina become crown colonies, Corsica becomes independent of Genoa, death of English dramatist William Congreve, Henry Fielding writes play, John Gay writes ballad opera, Albrecht von Haller writes Swiss pastoral poem, death of English author Richard Steele, Thomas Sherlock writes religious fiction, Desportes paints Still Life with Oysters, J.F. de Troy paints Rape of the Sabines, John Wood builds Queens Square in Bath England, J.S. Bach composes the St. Matthew Passion, Acadenua de byebas katras ub Barcekiba fiybdedm Ebgkusg scuebtust Stephen Gray discovers conductors and non-conductors, Newtons Principia translated into English by Andrew Motte, Emperor Yung Cheng prohibits opium smoking in China, Benjamin and James Franklin publish Pennsylvania Gazette 36 years, Swift writes A Modest Proposal, Benjamin Franklin publishes The Pennsylvania Gazette, Emperor Yung Chen forbids opium smoking in China
1730 Maroon War in Jamaica allows runaway slaves to live freely, Vitus Bering, Danish explorer, discovers strait with his name, Earthquake in Japan kills 137 k, Eruption in Canary Islands off Africa, death of English poet Elijah Fenton, death of King of Denmark Frederick IV - succeeded by Christian VI, Death of Pope Benedict XIII Cardinal Lorenzo Corsini becomes Pope Clement XII, death of Czar Peter II of Russia succeeded by Anne daughter of Czar Ivan V, Crown prince Frederick of Prussia imprisoned by his father, Sultan Ahmad XII of Turkey deposed Mahmoud I, Ashraf Shah of Persia murdered, Henry Fielding writes comedy, Pierre Carlet de Chamblain de Marivaux writes comedy, death of English actress Anne Oldfield, Matthew Tindal writes religious work, John and Charles Wesley found Methodist sect at Oxford, Martin Wright writes about English land law, Artist Boucher returns to Rome from Paris, Canaletto paints Scuola di San Rocco, death of Spanish architect Leonardo de Figueroa, Hogarth paints Before and After, Rococo at height of form, J.A. Hasse creates German opera in Italian style, Reaumur constructs graduated alcohol thermometer, Zinc-smelting first practiced in England, The Daily Advertiser issued in London, Edinburgh Royal Infirmary founded, Freemasdon Lodge founded in Philadelphia, Grub Street Journal appears, Reduction of slavery in China under Emperor Yung Cheng, four-course system of husbandry started in Norfolk by Viscount Turnip Townshend, Gaudeamus Igitur published, Rise of Persians under Nadirs Kuli and Shah capture Afghanistan and Delhi, Bering Straight mapped and named
1731 Death of English author Daniel Defoe, Treaty of Vienna between England Holland Spain and HRE, Russia Prussia and HRE agree to oppose Stanislas I in Poland, French fortify Crown Point on Lake Champlain, George Lillo writes drama, Marivaux writes, Abbe Prevost writes, Ralph Cudworth writes religious work, Mass expulsion of Protestants form Salzburg, Voltaire writes history, Hogarth paints The Harlots Progress, Nicolas Lancret paints La Carmargo building of State House in Philadelphia later renamed Independence Hall, Lodovico Giustini creates first composition for modern piano, JA Hasse becomes Kapellmeister at Dresden Opera with wife Faustina Mordoni as prima donna, Public concerts held at Boston MA and Charleston SC, Dr. John Arbrthnot first advocates dieting, English mathematician John Hadley invents quadrants for use at sea, 10 Downing Street built, English factory workers not allowed to emigrate to America, Benjamin Franklin founds subscription library in Philadelphia, earthquake in China kills 100k, Expulsion of Protestants from Salzburg, Benjamin Franklin establishes subscription library in PA,
1732 death of German sculptor Balthasar Permoser, death of Robert King Carter ancestor of at least six US presidents VA planter, death of climant of Transylvania Francis II Rakoczy, death of John Gay opera writer, end of Coriscan imdependence of Genoa, Emperor Charles Vi gets recognition of the Pragmatic Sanction, birth of George Washington, King Frederick William I of Prussia settles 12,000 Protestants in E Prussia, Genoa regains Corsica, James Oglethorpe obtains charter to establish Georgia, Philippe Nericault (Destouches) writes comedy, London theatrical company performs in New York, Conrad Brissel founds Seventh Day Baptists in Germantown PA, George Berkeley writes The Minute Philosopher, The Moravian Bretheren start missionary work, J.J. Moser writes about law, Chardin paints Kitchen Table with Shoulder of Mutton, death of German sculptor Balthasar Permoser, Nicola Salvi creates Fontana di Trevi (Trevi fountain) in Rome, Academie of Ancient Music founded in London, Covent Garden Opera House founded in London, JG Walther writes first music lexicon, Hermann Boerhaave writes Elements of Chemistry, Benjamin Franklin publishes Poor Richards Almanac, German bookseller Johann Heinrich Zedler publishes universal lexicon, Ninepins played for first time in New York,
1733 France and Austria fight War of Polish Succession to make their candidates Polish king until 1735, death of French composer Franois Couperin, death of Elector of Saxony King of Poland Augustus II, Santa Cruz (West Indies) comes under Danish control, War of Polish Succession begins, France declares war against Emperor Charles VI, Conscription introduced in Prussia, James OBlethorpe founds Sabannah GA, Alexander Pope writes essay on man, Corporation for the Propagation of the Gospel in New England founded, Voltaire writes letters from England, French painter JB Gudry appointed head of Beauvais tapestry factory, J.S. Bach creates short Mass in B Minor, death of musician Couperin, Pergolesi composes opera early in standard repertoire, Rameau composes opera in Paris, John Kay patents flying shuttle loom, Frist German Freemason lodge in Hamburg, Latin language abolished in English courts, Molasses Act prohibits American trade with French West Indies, New York Weekly Journal first issued, The Serpentine in Hyde Park London first laid out, the great bell of Moscow named Czar Kolokol cast 193 tons, John Kay invents flying shuttle, War of Polish Succession - Russian invasion of Poland, Englishman John Kay invents flying shuttle loom, Death of Johann Adam Birkenstock the sandal guy
1734 End of King Agaja of Dahomey W Africa slave trade resumes in 1740s, death of English dramatist and critic John Dennis, death of Scottish highwayman Rob Roy, War breaks out between Turkey and Persia, Prince of Orange-Nassau marries Marie Anne daughter of George II, Russians occupy Danzig, Anglo-Russian trade agreement, Francois Goyot de Pitaval writes, Charles Johnson writes about highwaymen, Mme. De Lambert recommends university education for women, U of Gottingenfounded by King George II, Koran translated into English by George Sale, Emanuel Swedenborg writes about philosophy, Bouchier creates illustrationd for Moliere work, William Kent creates Treasury in London, death of English painter James Thornhill, Handel composes, 8000 Salzburg Protestants settle in Georgia, Boston Weekly Post-Boy issued, First horse race in America at Charleston Neck SC, Jack Broughton wins English boxing championship against James Figg,
1735 Manshu ruler of China works with Russia to define borders, Nadir Shah, chief adviser and general to last Safavid ruler in Persia defeats Turks at Baghavand and captures Tiflis, End of war of Polish succession, Libel trial of John Peter Zeuger in New York helps establish freedom of the press, End of Turko-Persian war, William Pitt elected Member of Parliament for Old Sarum, P.C. Nivelle de La Chaussee writes comedies, Marivaux writes, first 4 volumes of Swifts works published in Dublin, Bible translated into Lithuanian, death of English historian Thomas Hearne, John Wesley writes journals, Arthur Collins writes peerage of England, Hogarth paints The Rakes Progress, Handel composes, INperial ballet school at St. Petersburg, Rameay composes ballet opera, Ballad Opera first musical theater in America at Charleston SC, Linnaeus writes Systema naturae, French scientist Menoit de Maillet writes evolutionary hypothesis, Boston Evening Post issued, French settlement at Vincennes IN, sales of alcohol prohibited in GA, Royal Burgess Golfing Society in Edinburgh founded, John Peter Zenger publisher of New York Weekly Journal acquitted of seditious libel in landmark case establishing freedom of the press, end Russian Invasion of Poland, , Russia and Persia defeat Turks at Baghavand, Serden - Linnaeus develops biological classification, Zenger trial establishes freedom of the press in America
1736 Nadir Shah reigns as Shah of Persia 11 years, Rule of Qianlong the Qing emperor frequent rebellions follow until death in 1796, Natural rubber discovered in Peru, academic schools of Sao Paolo and Sao Jose founded in Brazil by Portuguese Jesuits, death of German architect Mattheus Daniel Poppelmann., death of Prince Eugene of Savoy, death of German physicist Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit, death of Italian composer Giovanni battista Pergolesi age 26, Stanislas I abdicates as King of Poland, Maria Theresa marries Francis Duke of Lorraine, German adventurer Theodor von Neuhof elected King of Corsica, death of Prince Eugene, Porteous riots in Edinburgh, Chi-en Ling becomes Emperor of China, Nadir Shah of Persia, War between Russia and Turkey, Joseph Butler writes regarding religion, English statutes against witchcraft repealed, Pope Clement XII comdemns Freemasonry, William Warburton talks about the alliance between Church and State, Hogarth paints The Good Samaritan, death of German architect Mattheus Daniel poppelmann, Handel composes, Pergolesi composes and dies, Claudius Aymand performs first successful appendectomy, French expedition to Lapland under Anders Celsius, Leonhard Euler begons study of analytical mechanics, Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit the German physicist dies, Manufacture of glass begins in Venice at Murano, hard rubber caoutchoue India Rubber comes to England, Mr Thomas Reynolds hanged for robbery but doesnt die and hangmans assistant discovers this when nailing the coffin taken to nearby house where he vomits blood and dies, England repeals statutes agains witchcraft, Leonhard Euler publishes first textbook of mechanics
1737 Cyclone hits Bengal and Bangladesh, Earthquake in Calcutta kills 300,000, Calcutta Cyclone hits Bay of Bengal India killing 300 k , Earthquake in Japan, Russia? Kamchatka quake estimated at 9.3 third largest by magnitude , death of Antonio Stradivari the Italian violin maker, Queen Caroline of England dies and George II mourns, William Byrd founds Richmond Virginia, Last of the Medici the Grand Duke of Tuscany dies Francis Duke of Lorraine husband of Maria Theresa receibes Tuscany Stanislas of Poland acquires Lorraine, Quarrel between George II and his son Frederick Prince of Wales, Licensing Act restricts number of London theaters plays come under censorship laws, Matthew Green writes poem, Dr. Samuel Johnson and David Garrick leave Lichfield for London, Ignacio de Luzan Claramunt de Suelves y Gurrea lays dodwn rules for Spanish poetry, Alexander Cruden writes concordance to scriptures, Vincent de Paul canonized, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu writes The Nonsense of Common Sense, J.J. Moser writes re: German law, William Oldys writes The British Librarian, John Wesleys psalms and hymns published, Boucher creates designs for tapestries, Chardin paints The Draughtsman, James Gibbs builds Radcliffe Camera at Oxford, Roubiliac paints Handel, William Boys conducts three choirs festival, Handel writes opera, Rameau writes opera, death of Antonio Stradivari, Rene de Reaumur writes History of Insects,
1738 death of Danish anatomist Casper Thomeson Bartholin, British troops sent to Georgia USA to settle border dispute with Spain, Turks take Orsova Imperial troops driven back to Belgrade, Jean H.L. Orry controller-general of French finances devises the Corvee system of forced labor to construct roads, Samuel Johnson writes London epic poem, Alexis Piron writes French comedy, Jonathan Swift writes, Olof von Dalin writes Swedish tragedy, Papal bull issued against Freemasonry, Lodovico Antonio Muratori writes about Italian antiquities, Bontaire introduces ideas of Isaac Newton to France, John Wesleys evangelical conversion George Whitfield follows him to Georgia a Leader of the Great Awakening, Chardin paints La Gouvernante, Roubiliac paints Alexander Pope, G/B/ Sacchetti begins work on royal palace in Madrid, J.S. Bach composes, Daniel Bernoulli writes about pressure and viscosity of fluids, Excavation of Herculaneum begins, first cuckoo clocks in Black Forest district, Joseph Suss Oppenheimer (Jew Suss) financial adviser of Duke Karl Alexander of Wurtenberg hanged, Fugitive slaves flee to Creek tribe in GA, Treaty of Vienna
1739 Stonto Rebellion SC unsuccessful slave rebellion leads to hangings, Nadir Shah invades India and New Delhi, taking away Peacock throne of the Moghuls Outbreak of War of Jenkins Ear Spain and Britain fight for control of N American and Caribbean waters, South Carolina shaken by slave revolts, death of German opera composer Reinhard Keiser, death of German painter and architect Cosmas Damian Asam, death of English dramatist George Lillo, death of Dick Turpin the English highwayman, end of war between Russia and Turkey, as Turks approach Belgrade Charles VI HRE sign peace treaty, Sack of Delhi under Persians under Nadir Shah, New Granasa parted from Peru, Jonathan Swift writes, Crown Prince Frederick of Prussia writes anti-Machiavelli work, David Hume writes treatise on human nature, Moravian church founded in America by Bishop A.G. Spengenberg, death of German architect C.D.Asam, Chardin paints Saying Grace, George Dance builds Mansion House in London, two of Handels oratories first given, Jphann Mattheson writes treatise on music conducting, Rameau writes opera, J.F Gronobvius writes book of Virginia flora, American astronomer John Winthrop IV publishes his notes on sunspots, death of English highwayman Dick Turpin, Peacock Throne of Shah Jahan taken to Persia, Foundling Hospital established in London, First camellias arrive in Europe from Far East,
1740 End of reign of King Frederick William I of Prussia succeeded by FredericK II the Great, Lunda create prosperous kingdom in Africa, Power of Hindu Marathas of central India expands north, Frederick the Great rules Prussia and expands territory by starting First Silesian War against Maria Theresa, Prussia attacks Austria and drags Europe into War of Austrian Succession, Population of colonies reaches 1.5 million, including 250,000 slaves, in Milan list of scriptures discovered, death of Emperor Charles VI daughter Maria Theresa rules, death of Czarina Anne of Russia Czar Ivan VI rules, Colley Cibber writes, Louis de Rouvroy Duc de Saint-Simon writes, Samuel Richardson writes, death of English lexicographer Ephraim Chambers, death of Pope Clement XII succeeded by Pope Benedict XIV, William Stukeley writes Stonehenge, Boucher paints Morning Toilet Canaletto paints Return of the Bucintoro, Hogarth paints Captain Coram, death of Austrian-Bohemian painter Johann Kupetzky, Thomaas Augustine Arne composes, Haydn enters court chapel in Vienna as choirboy, Domenico Scarlatti in London and Dublin, J.A. Scheibe writes criticism against Bach, German organ builder John Snetzler moves to England, George Anson sets out of voyage around the world, Louis Castel writes about optics, English inventor Benjamin Huntsman improves Crucible process of smelting steel, U of Pennsylvania founded, Berlin Academy of Science founded by Frederick the Great who also introduces freedom of press and worship in Prussia, Smallpox epidemic in Berlin, Frederick the Great establishes freedom of press and worship in Prussia, Frederick the Great becomes King of Prussia, War of Austrian Succession, processes of casting and galvanizing steel advanced
1741 Czar Ivan VI deposed and imprisoned - end of Czar Ivan VI - Reign of Elizabeth I of Russia (dau of Peter the Great) for 20 years eventually founds first University at Moscow, death of Italian composer Antonio Vivaldi, death of Austrian sculptor G.R. Donner, Maria Theresa accepts crown of Hungary, Frederick the Great conquers Silesia captures Brieg Niesse Glatz and Olmutz, England mediates between Prussia and Austria, Prauge occupied by French Bavarian and Saxon troops, Thomas Betterton writes history of English stage, Founding of the Burgtheater Vienna, Robert Dodsley writes drama, David Garricks debut in London theaters, Samuel Richardson writes, First German Shakespeare translation printed, Voltaire writes tragedy, Jonathan Edwards writes and delivers sermon Sinners at the Hands of an Angry God in MA, David Hume writes political essays, Boucher writes Autumn, Bartolomeo Rastrelli creates the summer palace in St. Petersburg, Jacques Germain Soufflot creates Hotel-Dieu in Lyons, death of Austrian musician Johann Joseph Fux, Gluck writes firsts opera, Handel composes The Messiah in 18 days, Johann Joachim Quants becomes court composer for Frederick the Great, Rameau publishes musical work, death of Antonio Vivaldi the Italian composer, Victor Behring dies of hunger and cold after discovering Alaska and Aleutian Islands, Russian navigator Alexei Cherikov lands in California, Botanical garden in Uppsala founded by Linnaeus, The General Magazine written in Philadelphia by Franklin, Highway Act in England to improve roads, Royal Military Academy at Woolwich England opened, PLM de Maupertuis suggests survival of the fittest
1742 End of service of Robert Walpole as first British prime minister as Sir Spencer Compton takes over, Juan Santos takes name Atahualpa II and leads native Peruvians in revolt against Spanish, death of English astronomer Edmund Halley, Charles Albert Elector of Bavaria elected and crowned emperor as Charles VII, Prussians evacuate Olmutz defeat Austrians at Chotusitz, Peace of Berlin ends first Silesian War, Crebillon fils writes French novel, Henry Fielding writes, Gdeath of English poet William Somerville, John Campbell writes about the lives of admirals, Etienne Fourmont writes about Sinaica grammar, Charles Viner writes legal encyclopedia, Boucher paints Bath of Diana, Hogarth paints The Graham Children, William Kent creates Horse Guards at London, J.B. Oudry paints The Gardens of Arcueil, Karl Heinrich Graun introduces Italian opera to Berlin, Handels Messian first performed in Dublin, Swiss astronomer Anders Celsius invents centigrade thermometer, Endumd Halley the English astronomer dies, Colin Maclaurin writes Treatise on Fluxions, Construction of canal linking Elbe and Havel, Cotton factories established in Birmingham and Northampton, End of rule of Prime Minister Waldpole of Britain
1743 End of reign of Cardinal Fleury as governor of France, End of Sir Spencer Compton as British Prime Minister, Henry Pelham serves, death of Francesco Stradivari the (son of ) Italian violin maker, death of English author Richard Savage, Maria Theresa crowned at Prague, French defeated by English at Dettingen, Alliance between Austria and Saxony, Turko-Persian war continues, Henry Fielding erites, death of English author Richard Savage, Voltaire writes Merope drama, Pogroms in Russia, death of Thomas Archer the English architect, Hogarth paints Marriage a la Mode, Handel composes, French geographer Jean dAnville creates map of Italy, U of Erlangen in Germany founded, French explorers reach Rocky Mountains, First settlement in S. Dakota, East India yarn imported into Lancashire fo manufacture of finer goods, Pogroms begin in Russia
1744 death of Italian philosopher Giovanni Battista Vico, death of William Byrd II the rich Virginia planter and builder of Westover, death of English poet Alexander Pope, France declares war on England and on Maria Theresa, Peter heir to the Russian throne marries Catherine (born Sophia) of Anhalt-Zerbst, Second Silesian War begins Frederick the Great takes Prauge but is driven back to Saxony, Robert Clive arrives in Madras as clerk with East India Company, Adolphus Frederick heir to Swedish throne marries Princess Ulrica daughter of Frederick the Great of Prussia, French troops occupy Annapolis Nova Scotia but withdrew, Samuel Johnson writes, George Berkeley writes philosophy, Benjamin Frankiln edits Ciceros Cato Major, Lodovico Antonio Muratori writes Italian history, Ruling Arab family Sa-Udi adopts teachings of Abd-al-Wahhab and becomes Wahhabi, death of Italian jurist and philosopher Giovanni Battista Vico, J.M. Rusbrack sculpts, J.S. Bach composes, Gluck composes opera, God Save the Queen published, Madrigal Society of London founded, Sir George Anson returns from voyage around the world, Jean dAlembert writes about fluid movement, Eruption of Mount Cotopaxi in S. America, First recorded cricket match Kent v. All England, British and French fight King George's War in Americas, Alexander Pope (poet) dies
1745 End of rule of Japan by shogun Tokugawa Yoshimune, Second Jacobite rising in Britain led by Bonnie Prince Charlie fails to restore Stuart dynasty to British throne, British forces and New England settlers capture French fortress of Louisbourg in Canada, George II of England becomes last British king to fight in battle at Dettingen, death of English author Jonathan Swift, death of English satirist John Arbuthnot, death of Austrian architect Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt, death of French painter Nicolas Lancret, death of Charles VII of Bavaria the emperor Francis husband of Maria Theresa elected HRE and first of the Lorraine-Tuscany line, French under Marechal de Saxe defeat English at Fontenoy take Austrian Netherlands, England after undertaking to subsidize Maria Theresa and to provide her with troops withdraws, Prussian victory at Hohenfriedberg, British take Louisburg Canada, Charles Edward Stuart the Young Pretender lands on Eriskay Island in Scotland and defeats English army at Prestonpans and advances south toward Derby but is forced to retreat, Peace of Dresden Prussia recognizes Pragmatic Sanction byt retains Silesia, Ishege becomes Shogun of Japan, Jonathan Swift writes and dies, James Thomson writes tragedy, Samuel Johnson writes about Macbeth tragedy, Philip Doddridge writes about religion, Hogarth paints Self Portrait, Oudry paints Still Life with Pheasants, Tiepolo paints frescoes Antony and Cleopatra, death of Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt the Austrian architect, Scottish national song The Bampbells are Coming published, Johann Stamitz becomes Kapellmeister in Mannheim, Charles Bonnet writes about insects, Gerard ban Swieton the founder of Viennese School of Medicine becomes court physician to maria Theresa, Ewald Jurgen von Kleist invents capacitor Leyden Jar, New Royal charter for Yale College in CT, Middlesex Hospital in London founded, Earliest Oddfellows lodge in England, The quadrille becomes a fashionable dance in France,
1746 Lucy Terry writes Bars Fight first African American poem, Mazrui dynasty in Mombasa E Africa becomes independent from Oman, Earthquake in Peru, death of Scottish philosopher Francis Hutcheson, death of Robert Blair Scottish poet, death of Christian VI of Denmark, Charles Edward Stuart the Young Pretender wins victory at Falkirk but is defeated finally at Culloden with the help of Flora MacDonals he escapes to France, William Pitt made paymaster general to the British forces, Alliance between Russia and Austria against Prussia, Philip V of Spain dies succeeded by Ferdinand VI, Christian VI of Denmark dies and is succeeded by Frederick V, French victory at Baucoux Austria loses the Netherlands, Gellert writes, Denis Diderot writes philosophy, Jonathan Edwards writes concerning religion, death of Scottish philosopher Frances Hutcheson, Bouchier paints The Milliners, artist Antonio Canaletto goes to England, Joshua Reynolds paints The Eliot family, Jean-Etienne Guettard draws first geological map of France, College of New Jersey founded later Princeton, wearing of tartans prohibited in Great Britain, Wearing tartans prohibited in Great Britain, Spain's Francisco Goya born
1747 End of reign of Nadir Shah of Persia, Amhad Shah Durrani begins rule of Afghanistan, death of French dramatist and novelist Alain Rene Lesage, death of Prince Leopold I of Anhalt-Dessau organizer of Prussian army, death of Nadir Shah of Persia, William IV of Orange-Nassau becomes hereditary stadholder of the seven provinces of the Netherlands, Prusso-Swedish alliance for mutual defense, Nadir Shah murdered Ahmed Shah becomes King of Afghanistan, Charles Colle writes comedy of manners, David Garrick writes comedy, Christian Gellert writes comedy, Thomas Gray writes ode, death of French author Alain Rene Lesage, Voltaire writes philosophical tale, Samuel Johnson writes, Biblioteca Nazionale founded in Florence Italy, Benjamin Franklin writes, Biographia Britannica written, National Library founded in Warsaw, Gilbert West writes observations on the resurrection, G.W. von Knobelsdorff completes Sanssouci Palace in Potsdam, J.S. Bach composes, Handel writes oratorio in London, Rousseau composes opera, German chemist A.S. Marggraf discovers sugar in beetroot, English military engineer Benjamin Robins speaks sto Royal Society on Physics of a spinning projectile, Carriage tax in England, national library established in Florence ITA,
1748 End of War of Austrian Succession, End of King George's War, Samurai plays in Japan, End of war of Austrian Succession, death of English hymn writer Isaac Watts, death of Mohammed Shad the Great Mogul, Russian troops march through Bohemia toward the Rhine, Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle general recognition of Pragmatic Sanction and of Francis I as HRE, Shah Rukh grandson of Nadir Shah rules Persia, Marie-Therese Geoffrin opens salon as meeting place for Parisian men of letters, Carlo Goldoni writes Venetian comedy, Carlo Gozzi writes Turnadot, Klopstock writes, Samuel Richardson writes, Tobias Smollett writes, Archibald Bower writes history of the Popes, David Hume writes philosophy, Peter Whalley writes about Shakespearian works, Thomas Gainsborough paints Cornard Wood, Hogarth paints Calais Gate, Bach composes, Holywell Music Room in Oxford opened, Leonhard Euler writes about analytical mathematics, English physician John Fothergill describes diphtheria, Thomas Lowndes founds chair of astronomy at Cambridge, Abolition of hereditary jurisdiction in Scotland, Platinum arrives in Europe from S. America, Subscription library opened in Charleston SC, Court of Kings Bench rules that cricket is a legal sport,
1749 Consolidation act of British navy (reorganized), First settlement of Ohio company, establishment of Halifax Nova Scotia as fortress, William Chetwood writes history of the stage, Henry Fielding writes, Samuel Johnson writes tragedy, Denis Diderot writes regarding behavior, David Hartley writes about humanity, Gainsborough paints, Peter Harrison creates Redwood Library in Newport RI, J.B. Pigalle sculpts Mme de Pompadour, Bartolomeo Rastrelli creates Great Palace in Russia, Handel composes fireworks, Georgia becomes Crown Colony, Francois Philidor writes a study of Chess, Philadelphia Academy founded later becomes U of PA, Danish newspaper appears, Portuguese Giacobbo Rodriguez Pereire invents sign language for deaf mutes, Henry Fielding's "Tom Jones"
1750 GA gives slavery recognition, slave population in US reaches 236,000, Chinese capture Lhasa and take over Tibet, Karim Khan begins 29 year reign of south Persia, Sebastian de Carvalho appointed foreign secretary of Portugal, death of J.S. Bach German composer, death of German sculptor and architect Egid Quirin Asam, death of John V of Portugal, Anglo-French discussions on boundary between Canada and Nova Scotia, death of John V of Portugal succeeded by Jose I, Spanish-Portuguese treaty on S. America, Goldoni writes comedy, Thomas Gray writes, death of English dramatist Aaron Hill, Samuel Johnson begins writing The Rambler first playhouse opens in New York, dictionary of historical dated edited by Benedictine monks of St. Maur, King Frederick the Great writes philosophy, Baal Shem founds Jewish sect of Chassidim in Carpathian mountain region, Lancelot Brown designs gardens of Warwick Castle, Francois de Cuvilles the dwarf and court architect to Elector of Bavaria builds Residenztheater in Munich, Neoclassicism spreads over Europe as reaction against baroque and rococo, death of J.S. Bach, Johann Breitkopf the Leipzig music publisher uses moveable type for printing music, Pergolesi opera performed in London, The Beggars Opera given for first time in New York, French astronomer Nicolas de Lacaille leads expedition to Cape of Good Hope to determine solar and lunar parallax, Johann Tobias Mayer creates map of the moon, English engineer William Watson analyzes platinum, Hambledon Cricket Club of Hampshire England founded, English Jockey Club founded in London, Population of Europe reaches 140 million, First Westminster Bridge in London finished, English man executed for stealing a hat, Robert Clive leads British Conquest of S India, Industrial revolution begins, Death of Bach
1751 death of Bohemian architect Kilian Ignaz Dientzenhofer, death of French philosopher and biologist Julien Offray de Lamettrie, death of Prince Frederick II of Sweden brother-in-law Adolphus Frederick rules, death of William IV of Orange-Nassau (Holland) widow Anne daughter of George II of England becomes regent, death of Prince of Wales, England joins Austro-Russian alliance of June 1746 against Prussia, China invades Tibet, Lessing becomes literary critic in Berlin, Robert Patlock writes, Tobias Smollett writes, French encyclopedia published, David Hume writes regarding morals, Powers of Portuguese Inquisition curtailed by government, Linnaeus pwites book of botany, Prussian Minister of Justice Heinrich von Cocceji writes about Frecerics code, Boucher paints Toilet of Venus, Hogarth paints Four Stages of Cruelty, Tiepolo paints ceiling of the Wurzburg Residenz, Francesco Gemini writes The Art of Playing on the Violin, Handel writes oratorio, Minuet becomes Europes fashionable dance, War of the Operas between pro-Italian and pro-French music lovers, Ecole superieure de guerre in Paris founded, Gottlinger wissenschagtliche Akademie founded, British calendar altered by Act of Parliament Jan 1 bacomes New Year, Halifax Gazette becomes first English newspaper in Canada, first mental asylums in London, First French encyclopedia published
1752 Amad Shah Durrani who rules Afghanistan invades India, takes Lahore and plunders Delhi, death of English philosopher Joseph Butler, Treaty of Aranjuez between Spain and HRE, Great Britain adopts Gregorian calendar on Sep 14 1752 Sep 3-13 omitted, Henry Fielding writes, Charlotte Lennox writes, Jonathan Edwards writes philosophy/religion, David Hume writes regarding politics, William Law writes about divine knowledge, Charles Avison composes Essay on musical expression, Rousseau composes (Fontainebleau), Benjamin Franklin invents lightning conductor, Manchester Royal Infirmary founded, Year of only 354 days in the US due to calendar change, Benjamin Franklin publishes findings on electricity
1753 Alaungpaya reunites Burma, founds last Burmese dynasty to 1885, French occupy Ohio valley, death of Irish philosopher George Berkeley, death of German architect Georg Wenzeslaus von Knobelsdorff, French troops from Canada take Ohio Valley, Frederick the Great fights Austro-Russian agreement, Goldoni writes comedy, Samuel Richardson writes, Tobias Smollett writes, death of Irish philosopher George Berkeley, Robert Lowth writes about Hebrew poetry, English Act of Parliament permits naturalization of Jews, Hogarths essay The Analysis of Beauty, Pigalle creates tomb of the Marechal de Saxe at Strasbourg, Joshua Reynolds paints Commodore Keppel, death of German organ builder Gottfried Silbermann, British Museum in London granted royal foundation charter, Linnaeus writes Species Plantorum, Jockey Club establishes permanent racetrack at Newmarket, Land Tax of two shillings in the pound in England and Wales, British Marriage Act forbids weddings by unauthorized persons, Vienna Stock Exchange founded, Japanese painter Kitagawa Utamaro born
1754 Concordat with Vatican gives Spanish church independence from Rome, Anglo-French War (French and Indian) begins in Americas regarding boundary disputes, end of Henry Pelham as Prime Minister of Britain, Dukw of Newcastle reigns, Volcano in Philippines, death of French architect Gabriel Boffrand, death of Danish dramatist Ludvig Holberg, death of English architect John Wood the Elder, death of English author Henry Fielding, death of Sultan of Turkey Mahmoud I, Crebillon writes tragedy, Salomon Gessner writes, death of Danish dramatist Ludvig Holberg, Jonathan Edwards writes about free will, David Hume writes history, Rousseau writes, John Woolman writes about keeping Negroes, death of French architect Gabriel Boffrand, Boucher paints Judgement of Paris series, Thomas Chippendale paints The Gentleman and Cabinetmakers Directory Hogarth paints The Election, Rastrelli creates the Winter Palace at St. Petersburg, Society for the Encouragement of Arts and Manufactures founded in England, Scottish chemist Joseph Black discovers carbonic acid gas, Anton Busching writes geography, Kings College in New York founded later Columbia, First female MD at U of Halle in Germany, First iron-rolling mill at Fareham Hampshire England, St. Andrews Royal and Ancient Golf Club in Scotland founded,
1755 Earthquake fire and tsunami in Lisbon Portugal kills 60,000 tsunami reaches Cornwall and quake estimated at 8.7, First outbreak of smallpox in Cape Town South Africa kills Khosian peoples, Eruption and earthquake at Mt. Etna related to big Portugal disaster, death of French painter Jean Baptiste Oudry, death of French political philosopher Baron de Montesquieu, death of English organist and composer Maurice Greene, death of Italian organist and composer Giovanni Battista, Pasquale de Paolo elected general in Corsica leader of revolt against Genoa, Landgrave of Hesse sells mercenaries to England for defence of Hanover, Britidh army defeated by French near Fort Duquesne (Pittsburg), End of Anglo-Austrian alliance, Lessing writes domestic tragedy, Jean-Georges Noverre the French choreographer becomes ballet master in London, Voltaire writes, Samuel Johnson writes dictionary, Benjamin Franklin writes regarding populations, Francis Hutcheson writes about moral philosophies, Immanuel Kant writes doctoral thesis, death of French political philosopher Montequieu, J.J. Winkelmann writes, Boucher paints La Noble Pastorale from a tapestry design, Gainsborough paints Milkmaid and Woodcutter, Egidio Romialdo Duni composes, Joseph Black writes Experiments upon Magnesia Quicklime and other Alkaline Substances, Italian chemist Sebastian Menghini studies actions of camphor upon animals, U of Moscow founded, Aloung PHoura founds Rangoon in Burma, suspected earthquake in Boston MA, Earthquake in Persia kills 40K
1756 120 British soldiers imprisoned and die in Black Hole of Calcutta, Seven Years War begins with Prussia and Britain vs France, Austria and Russia, End prime minister Duke of Newcastle and begin service of Duke of Devonshire, Anglo-Prussian Treaty of Westminster, Britain declares war on France, Six leading Quakers resign from Pennsylvania assembly, French drive Britain from Great Lakes in Americas, Outbreak of Seven Years War battle of Lobosik Bohemia Saxon army capitulates to Frederick the Great at Pirna, Robert Clive sets out from Calcutta against Nawab of Bengal and relieves English fugitives at Fulta, Robert and James Dodsley writes Theatrical Records, William Mason writes Odes, Russian Royal Court Theater founded at St. Petersburg, Voltaire writes, Thomas Birch writes History of the Royal Society of London, Edmund Burke writes, Alban Butler writes lives of the Saints, Arthur Collins writes peerage of England, Mirabeau writes, Reynolds paints Admiral Holbourne and His Son, George Stubbs the English painter works on anatomy of the horse, Leopold Mozart composes, Cotton velvets first made at Bolton Lancashire England, John Smeaton builds tower on Eddystone Lighthouse, Casanova escapes from Piombi in Venice, First chocolate factory in Germany, Porcelain factory founded at Sevres, Seven Years' War between Austria and Prussia, French and Indian War (American theater of Seven Years War)
1757 End of 30 years of anarchy in Morocco, Robert Clive defeats Siraj ud daula, Nawab of Bengal at Battle of Plassey, Battle of Rossbach where Frederick the Great defeats French and Austrians, Sidi Mohammed begins rule of Morocco, Earthquake and tsunami in Chile, death of French author Bernard de Fontenelle, death of English actor and dramatist Colley Cibber, death of French scientist Rene Antoine Ferchault de Reaumur, death of Domenico Scarlatti Italian composer, death of Johann Stamitz the Bohemian composer and violinist, Clive retakes Calcutta, J.F. Damiens attempts to assassinates Louis XV and is executed, Frederick the Great defeats Austrians at Prauge and is defeated by them at Kolin defeats them again at Rossbach and Leuthen, Swiss Poet J.J. Bodmer writes, John Dyer writes poetry, Gellert writes in German, John Home writes tragedy, Denis Diderot writes, Richard Price writes about morals, Gainsborough paints The Artists Daughter with a Cat, death of Austrian painter Daniel Gran, Greuze paints La Paresseuse Italienne, Soufflot creates St. Genevieve in Paris later the Pantheon, death of Italian violinist and composer Niccolo Pasquali, First public concert in Philadelphia, Parlement of Toulouse publically burns books of Hermann Busembaum
1758 Aoki Konyo Japanese scholar introduces sweet potato into Japan and completes Dutch/Japanese dictionary, death of Scottish poet Allan Ramsay, death of Jonathan Edwards American theologian and president of Princeton, death of Pope Benedict XIV- Carlo della Torre Rezzonico becomes Pope Clement XIII, E Prussia occupied by Russia, Prussian blockade of Olmutz, British take Louisburg, Battle of Zorndorf between Prussians and Russians, Austrians besiege Neisse defeat Frederick the Great at Hochkirch, George Washington and John Forbes take Fort Suquesne (Pittsburgh), China occupies eastern Turkestan, Dutch capitulate at Chinsura Clive becomes Governor of Bengal, Diderot writes drama, German Biblical play written by Salmon Gessner, Samuel Johnson writes weekly periodical, Jonathan Swift writes, Emerich de Vattel writes, Claude Adrien Helvetius writes, Derjeants Inn (London Court) formed, John and Robert Adam create Harewood House, Boucher paints The Mill at Charenton, Allan Ramsay paints, first English manual on guitar playing published, Ribbing machine for manufacture of hose invented by Jedediah Strutt, Bridgewater Canal between Liverpool and Leeds started,
1759 General James Wolfe defeats French at Battle of Quebec, Jesuits expelled from Brazil, foundation of Carron Iron Works in Stirlingshire Scotland, death of George Frederick Handel German-English composer, death of German poet Ewald Christian von Kleist, death of English poet William Collins, death of Ferdinand VI of Spain Charles III rules, Austrian General Laudon defeats Frederick the Great at Kunersdorf, British gain Quebec from the French generals Louis Joseph Montcalm (Fr) and James Wolfe (En) killed in action, death of English poet William Collins, Thomas Godfrey writes tragedy, Samuel Johnson writes moral tales, Lessing writes tragedy, Voltaire writes Candide, Thomas Wilkes writes, Alexander Gerard writes Essay on taste, Oliver Goldsmith writes about manners, Expulsion of Jesuits sfrom Portugal, Adam Smith writes about moral sentiments, William Chambers writes about civil architecture, J.B. Greuze paints The Bookseller Babuti, Peter Harrison creates synagogue at Newport RI, Hogarth paints Sigismonda Reynolds paints, Handel dies, Haydn composes, Franz Aepinus writes theory of electricity and magnetism, Bavarian Academy of Science founded, Annual Register issued for first time, English scholar and murder Eugene Aram executed, British museum opened at Montagu House, The Public Ledger London daily paper begins, Death of Handel, publication of Voltaire's "Candide"
1760 Canada passes into British hands, End of British king George II, grandson George III takes throne and denounces expense of Seven Years War considers raising taxes, King George II of England dies very suddenly (age 77) grandson George III rules, death of German actress and theater manager Friederike Caroline Neuber, death of Lavinia Fenton the English actress and Duchess of Bolton, Robert Clive leaves India, Prussian army defeated at Landshut Austrians take Glatz and are defeated at Liegnitz and Torgau, Russians occupy and burn Berlin, Dutch explorer Jakobus Coetsee adbances beyond the Orange River in South Africa, death of English actress Lavinia Fenton dies as Duchess of Bolton, Oliver Goldsmith writes Citizen of the World, James Macpherson writes famous literary fraud supposedly ancient highlands poetry, death of German actress Friederike Caroline Neuber, Laurence Sterne writes, death of English actress Peg Woffington, first exhibition of contemporary art at Royal Society of Arts in London, Gainsborough paints Mrs. Philip Thicknesse, Peter Harrison creates Christ Church at Cambridge MA, Angelica Kauffmann paints Music and Painting, Joshua Reynolds paints Georgiana, William Boyce collects cathedral music, Haydn composes symphonies, Balley master at Stuttgart Noverre publishes letters on ballet, First British school for deaf and dumb opened by Thomas Braidwood at Edinburgh, Josian Wedgewood founds pottery works at Etruia Staffordshire ENG, Botanica Gardens in Kew London opened, Poersmouth dockyard destroyed by fire, First silk hats from Florence, Rules of whist laid down by Edmund Hoyle, Lady Coventry of England dies from lead poisoning from her face powder, Poet Jupiter Hammon, and ex-slave, publishes in NY
1761 Benjamin Banneker (African American) Constructs first wooden clock, predicts eclipse of 1789, issues almanac and blueprints D.C., End of reign of Elizabeth I of Russia, Battle of Panipat between the Marathas and Ahmad Shah Durrani of Afghanistan great Afghan victory, end of Mogul dynasty in Delhi, death of English novelist Samuel Richardson, Bridgewater canal finished (see 1758), Ieharu named new Shogun of Japan, Austrians take Schweidnitz, Charles Churchill writes, George Colman writes comedy, Rousseau writes, Benjamin Victor writes theater history, Henry Home writes wrok on logic, collected works of Voltaire published in English trans by Smollett, Boucher paints Girl and Birdcatcher, Peter Harrison makes Brick Market in Newport RI, Anton Raphael Mengs plans Villa Albani in Rome, Thomas Augustine Arne composes oratorio, Gluck composes Don Juan ballet, Haydn appointed Kapellmeister to Prince Paul Esterhazy, Leopold Acenbrygger writes about recognizing chest compressions by percussion, Danish expedition to explore Arabia under Castens Niebuhr, death of English optician John Dollond, Russian scientist and poet Mikhail Lomonosov discovers atmosphere of Venus, B.G. Morgagni begins pathological anatomy, Johann Peter Sussmilch starts study of statistics, First French veterinary school founded at Lyons, Society of Arts in London opens exhibit of agricultural machines,
1762 British fleet captures Manila in Philippine Islands from Spain, Publication of Jean Jacques Rousseaus Contrat Social, Reign of Russian empress Catherine the Great begins, Brits seize Havanna from Spain, death of English dandy Richard Beau Nash the Master of Ceremonies at Bath, death of French dramatist Prosper Jolyot de Crebillon, death of French sculptor Louis Franois Roubiliac, death of Czarina Elizabeth Petrovna dau of Peter the Great Peter III rules but dies by assassination Catherine II rules, British capture Martinique Grenada Havana and Manila, Treaty of Hamburg between Sweden and Prussia, Russo-Prussian alliance against Austria signed, Truce between Prussia Saxony and HRE, First British settlement at Maugerville New Brunswick, Diderot writes, William Falconer writes, Goldoni writes Venetian comedy, Tobias Smollett writes, Wieland translates 17 Shakespeare plays into German, Edward Young writes poetry, Robert Lowth writes regarding English grammar, George Campbell writes about miracles, Jphn Parkhurst creates Hebrew/English lexicon, Rousseau writes Du Contrat social, Sorbonne Library in Paris opened, Stuart and Revett write Classical Antiquities of Athens and start neoclassical movement, Petit Trianon built by Louis XV for Mme. DuBarry, death of French sculptor Louis Franois Roubiliac, George Stubbs paints Mares and Foals, Tiepolo creates frescoes in Royal Palace at Madrid, Thomas Augustine Arne writes opera, Benjamin Franklin improves harmonica makes it a practical musical instrument, Gluck creates Orpheus and Eurydice opera, Mozart (age 6) tours Europe as musical prodigy, St. Cecilia Society (music) active at Charleston SC, At Carron ironworks in Stirlingshire Scotland cast iron first converted into malleable iron, Tsunami hits Myanmar (Burma), first St. Patricks Day parade in New York, Rousseau's "The Social Contract"
1763 End of Seven Years War in Europe Peace of Paris, Anglo-French war in Americas, Britain becomes dominant power in India as a result of the Treaty of Paris, Rio becomes capital of Brazil, Pontiac conspiracy where American Indians join in uprising against British, death of French dramatist Pierre de Marivaux, death of French novelist Antoine Franois Prevost, Rising of Indians near Detroit spreads towars east, death of King Augustus III of Poland, British proclamation provides government for Quebec Florida and Grenada, Indian adventurer Hyder Ali conquers Kanara in Mysore, Boswell meets Johnson for first time (literature), Giuseppe Parini writes poetry, Voltaire writes about tolerance, Francesco Fuardi paints Election of the Doge of Venice, La Madeleine in Paris founded, Frederick the Great establishes village schools in Prussia, German botanist J.G. Kolreuter does fertilization experiments on plants by animal pollinators, first issue of Almanach de Gotha, First Chambers of Commerce in New York and New Jersey, Earliest use of ponies in pits, St. James Chronicle published in London, British General Jeffrey Amherst orders smallpox-infected blankets given to Delaware Indians, End of Seven Years (and French and Indian ) War, British gain French and Spanish territories
1764 Reign of Osei Kwadwo the Asante ruler in W Africa begins, Reign of king Stanislas Poniatowski the last king of Poland begins, death of French composer Jean Philippe Rameau, death of English painter William Hogarth, death of Mme. De Pompadour, death of English poet Charles Churchill, Amendment of British Sugar Act to tax American colonies, Sir Hector Munro defeats Nawab of Dudh at Buxar Bengal, Hyder Ali usurps throne of Mysore, Confiscation of Church lands in Russia, Deposed Czar Ivan IV murdered in prison, Jesuits suppressed in France, Literary Clug founded in London by Johnson Burke Gibbon Goldsmith Reynolds and others, Literary salons founded in Paris by Mme Necker and Mlle de Lespinasse, Adam Anderson writes about the origins of commerce, Cesare Beccaria-Bonesana writes regarding crime and punishment, Charles Bonnet writes about nature, Brown U in Providence RI founded, Voltaire writes philosophical dictionary, J.J. Winckelmann writes history of ancient art, Robert Adam creates Kenwood house in Middlesex, death of William Hogarth the artist, Jean Antoine Houdon sculpts St. Bruno, J.C. Bach gives recitals in London, Haydn writes symphony, Mozart (age 8) writes his first symphony, death of French composer Rameay, First permanent settlement at St. Louis, James Watt invents the condenser first step toward steam engine, London introduces practice of numbering houses,
1765 Stamp Act passes in Parliament for goods in US Virginia assembly writes resolution against Stamp Act, Declaration of Rights written, death of German poet Christian Reuter, protests begin in American colonies, death of Francis the HRE, British parliament passes Stamp Act for taxing American colonies Virginia Assembly challenges right of Great Britain to the tax colonies declare rights and liberty, Emperor Francis I (Maria Theresas husband) dies son Joseph II succeeds as HRE and becomes coregent with mother, British government acquires rights to Isle of Man, Robert Clives first administrative reforms in Bengal, Death of Dauphin in France son Louis Augustus becomes heir to French throne (future Louis XVI), Thomas Chatterton forges Rowley poem, Thomas Percy and William Shenstone create collection of ballads, M.J. Sedaine creates French social drama, Horace Walpole creates Gothic novel, C.F. Nicolai edits a bibliothek in Berlin for popular philosophy, A.R.J. Turgot writes about distribution of riches, Boucher named court painter at Versailles, Fragonard paints Coresus et Callirhoe, A.J. Gabriel creates Place de la Concorde in Paris, Greuze paints La Bonne Mere, Spallanzani suggests preserving by means of hermetic sealing, Potato becomes most popular European food, Bank of Prussia founded by Frederick the Great, Lodr Nelsons future flagship the HMS Victory launched, John Montagu Earl of Sanwich invents namesake
1766 Eruption in Philippines, Earthquake and tsunamis in Japan, Oct - The "Pumpkin Flood" on the Susquehanna River in PA, death of German architect Dominikus Zimmermann, death of Italian composer Nicola Porpora, death of German architect Johann Michael Fischer, death of English historian Thomas Birch, death of Russian chemist MW Lemonossov, Death of Frederick V of Denmark, death of Stanislas Leszczynski Duchy of Lorraine incorporated in France, Repeal of Stamp Act but Declaratory Act states Britains right to tax American colonies, Pitt made Earl of Chatham forms a ministry, Nizam Ali of Hyderabad cedes Northern Circars and Madras to Great Britain, Frederick V of Denmark dies mad Christian VII rules, Mason-Dixon line drawn by two English surveyors (hence the name) marking boundary between Pennsylvania and Maryland, Oliver Goldsmith writes novel, Theater Royal in Bristol opens, Danish German diplomat and author Heinrich Wilhelm von Gerstenberg formulates principles of Sturm and Drang, Wieland writes German psychological novel, Czarina Catherine the Great creates freedom of religion in Russia, Adam Ferguson writes about civil society, Lessing writes against Winckelmanns theories of ancient art, Diderot paints Essai sur la Peinture, E. M. Falconet creates Monument to Peter the Great at St. Petersburg, Fragonard paints The Swing, Haydn composes, Henry Cavendish discovers relative density of hydrogen, Louis de Bougainville sets out on voyage to Pacific where he discovers Tahiti Solomon Islands and New Guinea, Famine in Bengal, First paved sidewalks laid in Westminster London, Tobacco monopoly in Prussia, Franklin invents bifocals
1767 Burmese invade Thailand, destroying Ayudhya and forcing Thais to accept Burmese dictatorship Burmese repulse China from invading Thailand, British Captain Samuel Wallis reaches Tahiti, Earthquake hits Martinique, death of German composer Geoerg Philipp Telemann Karl Philipp Emanuel Bach becomes his successor as director of church music in Hamburg, Taxes on imports of tea glass paper and dyes in American colonies nonimportation agreement at public protest meeting in Boston, Invasion of Siam by Burmese, Chaos in India Robert Clive leaves the country, First Mysore War, New York Assembly suspended for refusing to support quarting of troops, Michael Bruce writes, Oliver Goldsmithwrites comedy, Lessing writes comedy, Rousseau settles in England receives pension from George III, Laurence Sterne completes work, Jesuits expelled from Spain, Moses Mendelssohn writes regarding the immortality of the soul, J.J. Winkckelmann writes, Allan Ramsay made court painter to George III, Gluck composes Alceste, Rousseau creates dictionary of music, Ilaf Bergman of Uppsala examines chemical affinities, Astronomer Royal Nevill Maskelyne issues Nautical Almanac, Maria Theresa and Joseph II introduce educational reforms in Austria, Joseph Priestly writes about electricity, Electrical machine with glass pane becomes fashionable toy, Jesuits expelled from Spain Parma and the two Sicilies
1768 Scottish explorer James Bruce begins travels in Ethiopia, Ali Bey a Mamluk army officer makes himself ruler of Egypt, First of British Captain James Cooks voyages to Pacific, death of French astronomer Joseph Nicolas Delisle, death of Italian poet Carlo Fragoni, death of Italian painter Antonio Canale, death of Queen Consort of Louis XV Marie Leszczynska, death of French painter and engraver Pierre Simon Fournier, death of English novelist Lourence Sterne, Secretary of State for Colonies appointed in Britain, MA Assembly dissolved for refusing to assist incollection of taxes, Boston citizens refuse to quarter British troops, Austria renounces all claims to Silesia, Frederick the Great completes his political testament, Ali Bey named leader of the Mamelukes Sultan of Egypt, France buys Corsica from Genoa, Gurkhas conquer Nepal, Thomas Gray writes poems, M.J> Sedaine writes play, death of Laurence Sterne after writing Sentimental Journey, Abraham Booth writes, Joseph Priestly writes regarding government, Swedenborg writes, Johann Joachim Winckelmann the writer murdered by casual male acquaintance, death of Italian painter Antonio Canaletto, Founding of Royal Academy in London with Joshua Reynolds president, Jomelli writes opera in Stuttgart, Mozarts first published opera given in Vienna, James Boswell gives Account of Corsica, James Cook sails on first circumnavigation, New criminal code on humanist principles introduced in Austria, German naturalist P.S. Pallas travels through Russia to Chinese frintier to observe transit of Venus, First of weekly numbers of Encyclopedia Britannica published, Work begun on Forth-Clyde Canal, Russo-Turkish War
1769 Drought and famine in India, death of German author Christian Gellert, death of Pope Clement XIII Lorenzo Ganganelli becomes Pope Clement XIV, end of first Mysore War, Austria occupies Lwow and Zips region of Poland, Mme. Du Barry becomes mistress to Louis XV, Privy council in London decides to retain tea duty in American colonies, Virginian Assembly dissolved after protesting against colonial treason trials held in Westminster, Frederick II and Joseph II meet at Neisse in Silesia to discuss partition of Poland, Napoleon born in Corsica, Russian troops occupy Moldavia and enter Bucharest, French dramatist Jean-Franois Ducis produces Shakespeares Hamlet in Paris, Charles Bonnet writes philosophy, Egidio Forcellini writes Latin lexicon (posthumously), Johann Gottfried von Herder writes, Letters of Junis attacks public corruption, William Robertson writes History of Charles V, Adam brothers create Adelphi in London, Fragonard paints The Study, Joshua Reynolds the artist knighted, N.J. Cugnot creates first steam carriage, First lightning conductors on high buildings, Old Blackfriars Bridge in London built, The Morning Chronicle issued in London, Johann Friedrich Oberlin opens first crche at Steintal in Alsace, Mozart begins to compose, James Watt invents steam engine
1770 Crispus Attucks killed in Boston Massacre, Tukolor kingdom gains power in former Songhai region of W Africa, Spanish sailors reach Easter Island, Drought and famine in India, death of Flemish sculptor Peter Scheemakers, death of Italian composer and violinist Giuseppe Tartini, death of Robert Dinwiddie Governor of Virginia, death of Flemish sculptor John Michael Rysbrack, death of Italian painter Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, death of French painter Franois Boucher, death of French ballet dancer Marie de Camargo, death of Japanese painter Suzuki Harunobu, Boston Massacre brawl between civilians and troops, British Parliament repeals duties on many items but retains duty on tea, Dauphin of France marries Marie Antoinette daughter of Empress Maria Theresa of Austria, F..J. Struensee the favorite of Danish Queen Caroline Matilde becomes supreme minister, death of English poet Thomas Chatterton, Johannes Ewald writes first Danish tragedy, Oliver Goldsmith writes poetry, Edmund Burke writes, Kant made professor of philosophy at Koningsberg and publishes, Printer and publishers of Letters of Junis (1769) tried for seditious libel, Gainsborough paints The Blue Boy, Gluck composes opera, Handels Messiah first performed in New York, Haydn composes, Scottish explorer James Bruce discovers source of Blue Nile, James Cook discovers Botany Bay in Australia, Elementary school education reformed in Austria, English quack John Hill introduces method of obtainting specimens for microscopic study, Leonhard Euler writes introduction to Algebra, Civil liberties international free trade textile machines and steam power lead to industrial revolution in England, The Massachusetts Spy first published, Opal of 3000 carats found in Hungary, First public restaurant opens in Paris, Visiting cards introduced in England, James Cook claims Australia for Britain, romantic movement in art and literature
1771 death of French philosopher Claude Adrien Helvetius, death of English poet Thomas Gray, death of English novelist Tobias Smollett, death of Swedens Adolphus Frederick, Russia and Ptussia agree about partition of Poland, Russia completes conquest of the Crimea, Adolphus Frederick of Sweden dies Gustavus III rules, Damascus taken by troops of Lai Bey, Matthias Claudius publishes poems and essays, death of Thomas Gray English poet, Klopstock writes odes, Wieland writes poem, first official publication of Endydlopedia Britainnica, John William Flecher writes, Claude Adrien Helvetitus the French anti-religious philosopher dies, William Robertson writes history of America, Houdon paints Diderot, death of Italian architect in Russia Bartolomeo Rastrelli, Horace Walpole writes about painting, Benjamin West paints The Death of Wolfe, Hayde composes, Piccini writes in Rome, Luigi Galvani discovers electrical nature of nerves, The Smeatonian Club for engineers founded in London names after John Smeaton, Sir Richard Arkwright produces first spinning mill in England, Assembly Room in Bath opened, New York Hospital founded, Richard Price writes about national debt, Japanese quake and tsunami, England's Encyclopaedia Britannica published
1772 Captain Cook begins second voyage, Eruption in Java, death of Swedish mystic and philosopher Emanuel Swedenborg, death of German sculptor Johann Michael Feichtmayr, Boston Assembly demands rights of colonies threatens secession, Royal Marriage Act in Britain to prevent undesirable royal marriages, Clive defends his administration in India before Commons Warren hastings made Gocernor of Bengal, Struensee the Danish dictator arrested and Beheaded, First partition of Poland, Samuel Adams forms Committee of Correspondance in MA for actions against Great Britain, Gyorgy Bessenyei writes Hungarian drama, CHoderlos de Laclos writes novel, Gottinger Hainbund the society of young patriotic German poets formed, Lessing writes tragedy, Herder writes Origin of Speech, Inquisition abolished in France, Letters of Junis controverby ends, Mirabeau writes, death of Swedenborg, F.S. Sullivan the Irish jurist publishes, death of Johann Michael Feuchtmayr the German composer, Flight and Kelly in London create first barrel organs, first German performance of Handels messiah Haydn composes, Mozart writes opera, James Bruce traces Blue Nile to confluence with white nile, Leonhard Euler writes about physics topics, Daniel Rutherford and Joseph Priestly each discover nitrogen, James Cook leaves England on second voyage, Bromberg Canal linking Oder and Vistual started, First carriage traffic across Brenner Pass, Judge Willim Murray decides in Somerset case that a slave is free when he reaches England, Haydn's "Farewell Symphony"
1773 Peasant revolts begin in Russia, Boston Tea Party, Committees of Correspondence, Phyllis Wheatley is first African American to publish a book, First black Baptist church founded SC, Ahmad Shah Durrani of Afghanistan dies, end of travels of James Bruce of Scotland in Africa, Mamluk Ali Bey dies after being wounded in battle with rebels led by Abul-Dhahab, Emelian Pugachev leads uprising of Cossacks and peasants in Russia until 1775, Boston Tea Party, Earthquake in Guatemala, end of the Paris Musicians Guild, death of Ferman flautist and composer Johann Joachim Quantz, death of Shah Ahmed king of Afghanistan, Virginia House of Burgesses appoints Provincial Committee of Correspondence, British East India Company Regulating Act, Denmark cedes duchy of Oldenburg to Russia, Boston Tea Party, Gottfried August Burger writes famous German ballad, Goethe writes first version of Faust, Oliver Goldsmith writes comedy, Herder writes manifesto of Sturm and Drang movement, Klopstock finishes Messiah work, Swedish national theater established in Stockholm, Pope Clement XIV dissolves Jesuit order, John Erskine writes regarding Scottish law, Joseph II expels Jesuits from the Empire, death of Hubert Franois Gravelot the French painter and caricaturist, Sir Joshua Reynolds paints The Graces Decorating Hymen, Charles Burney writes about music, Waltz becomes fashionable in Vienna, First cast-iron bridge built at Shropshire, Philadelphia museum founded,
1774 Warren Hastings becomes governor of British India, Reign of Louis XVI of France begins, death of English naturalist Henry Baker, death of King Louis XV of France succeeded by grandson Louis XVI, first Continental Congress coordinate efforts against British called by Virginia House of Burgesses meet at Philadelphia with all colonies except GA, King George and weak Prime Minister stand against colonies, death of Anglo-Irish man of letters Oliver Goldsmith, death of Pope Clement XIV - , British House of Commons refuses MA petition to remove Thomas Hutchinson as governor general, Coercive acts against MA include closing of port of Boston, Quebec act secures Canadian loyalty to Britain and establishes Roman Catholicism in Canada, Suffolk Convention resolves to disregard coercive acts, Nonimportation of British goods to American colonies, Accession of Abdul Hamid I as Sultan of Turkey, Austria occupies Bukovina, Robert Clive former governor of Bengal dies, Lord Chesterfield writes about manners, Goethe writes novel, death of writer Oliver Goldsmith, Wieland writes satirical novel, Edmund Burke writes about American taxation, John Campbell writes British survey, John Cartwright writes about American independence, Jesuits expelled from Poland, Anne Lee of MA settles in NY to begin spiritual revival, death of Franois Quesnay founder of physiocratic school of political economy, Gainsborough paints Lord Kilmorey, Gluck composes, Astronomiches Jahrbuch begun in Berlin by J.E. Bode, J.G. Gahn isolates manganese, K.W. Scheele discovers chlorine and baryta, John Wilkinsons boring mill to facilitate manufacture of cylinders for steam engines, Austrian physician F.A. Mesmer uses hypnosis for health purposes, Rules of cricket drawn up, Swiss educator Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi founds school for orphaned and neglected childrenin Zurich, MA bans importation of slaves, India - warren Hastings first Br
1775 PA Quakers create abolition society, Black minutemen fight, End of peasant uprising in Russia, Cyclone hits Newfoundland Canada killing 4000, Liberty or Death written, death of German sculptor and porcelain designer Johann Joachim Kandler, April first violent clash at Lexington US takes it as declaration of war Ride of Paul Revere Lexington British defeat Americans take Fort Ticonderoga NY and Crown Point Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia George Washington made commander of US troops Brit victory at Bunker Hill Benedict Arnolds attack on Quebec fails, US state war aims,, death of American patriot Josiah Quincey, Peasant revolt in Bohemia against servitude, England hires 29,000 Hessians from Germany, Vittorio Alfieri writes Cleopatra Italian tragedy, Beaumarchais writes Barber of Seville comedy, Goethe settles in Weimar, Samuel Johnson writes about Scotland, Sheridan writes The Rivals, Sarah Siddons appears for first time at Drury Lane in London, Cardinal Gianangelo Braschi electes Pope Pius VI after long conclave, Edmund Burke writes on making peace with America, Justus Moser pleas for one Germany, Chardin paints Self Portrait, Houdon creates Gluck sculpture, Sir Joshua Reynolds paints Miss Bowles, George Romney becomes fashionable London portrait painter, K.P.E. Bach writes oratorio, Mozart writes opera, James Cook returns from second voyage, Digitalis used for first time in dieuretic by William Withering of Birmingham ENG, J.C. Fabricus writes classification of insects, Pierre-Simon Girard invents water turbine, Joseph Priestley discovers hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid, Louis St. Martin writes, James Watt perfects invention of steam engine, First British banks clearing-house established in London, Bromberg Canal finished, First Thames Regatta, Canada Tseax Cone erupts killing 2000, Society for the Relief of Free Negroes Unlawfully Held in Bondage founded by Benjamin Franklin and Benjamin Rush, Peasant revolts in Russia, American Revolution begins
1776 Spanish create Viceroyalty of La Plata in S America, Captain James Cook begins third voyage, James Watt of Scotland produces commercial steam engine, Virginia Bill of Rights written by George Mason, death of David Hume the Scottish philosopher and historian, D of I written with foundation of Social Contract, death of French author Julie de Leionasse, Revolution Congress resolves suppression of authority of British crown, Washington forces British to abandon Boston, American troops forced out of Canada, Virginia pushes for independence, Virginia Bill of Rights, Declatation of Independence, William Howe named British commander in Chief in America takes RI and NY, Benedict Arnold defeated at Lake Champlain, Congress retires to Baltimore, Ft. Lee surrenders to British, WA retreats to PA and defeats Hessian troops at Trenton, - Treaty of Copenhagen between Russia and Denmark, Jacques Necker made Minister of Finance in France, Unification of Portuguese administration in South America with Rio de Janeiro as capital, Potemkin the favorite of Czarina Catherine II organizes Russian Black Sea fleet, Alfiere writes Antigone, The Burgtheater in Vienna becomes national theater, Goethe writes tragedy, J.M.R. Lenz writes drama, F.M. von Klinger writes Sturm and Drang drama, John Cartwright writes about parliamentary reform, Edward Gibbon writes about decline and fall of Roman Empire, Richard Price writes about war with America, Adam Smith writes Wealth of Nations, Sir William Chambers builds Somerset House in London, Fragonard paints The Washerwoman, Pigalle creates Voltaire sculpture, Charles Burney writes history of music, Mozart composes Serenade in D major, Cooks third voyage to the Pacific, U.S. Congress institutes national lottery, Colonel Anthony St. Leger establishes St. Leger horse race in Doncaster, Military ski competition in Norway, Wisehouse and other Bavarians found the Illuminati supposedly extinct after a decade, Washington crosses Delaware, Declaration of Independence, Paine's "Common Sense" Smiths "The Wealth of Nations, Sturm and Drang movement in Germany
1777 End of reign of Osei Kwadwo the Asante ruler in W Africa, Sidi Mohammed ruler of Morocco abolishes Christian slavery, Christianity introduces into Korea by Chinese Jesuits, Accession of Maria as queen of Portugal, she exiles Pombal but continues his work, Treaty of San Idelfonso defines Spanish and Portuguese holdings in Brazil, Articles of Confederation written, death of Albrecht von Haller the Swiss scientist and poet, death of Samuel Foote English dramatist and actor,
Oct - Fog causes Colonial soldiers to fire upon own troops, Revolution British defeated at Princeton NJ and Bennington VT, Lafayettes French volunteers arrive in America, American forces defeated at the Brandywine PA and Germantown PA, British secure control of DE, Gen Burgoyne loses two battles at Bemis Heights NY and capitulates to Americans at Saratoga NY, German General von Steuben arrives to become inspector general of American forces, Spain and Portugal settle disputes concerning South American countries, Court and National Theater in Mannheim founded, R.B. Sheridan writes comedy, James Anderson writes on nature of corn laws, John Howard writes about the prisons of England and Wales, Lessing pleads for toleration in religious and political matters, Joseph Priestly writes religious work regarding matter and spirit, Gainsborough paints The Watering Place, Greuze paints La Cruche cassee, Francesca Guardi paints Santa Maria della Salute in Venice, GLuck composes Armide in Paris, Haydn composes, American engineer David Bushnell invents the torpedo, C.A. Coulomb invents torsion balance, Lavoisier proves that air consists mainly of oxygen and nitrogen, death of Albrecht von Haller the Swiss scientist and poet, Stars and Stripes adopted as Continental Congress flag, Cooperative workshop for tailors at Birmingham, VT abolishes slavery, U.S. Articles of Confederation
1778 VA bans slave trade, War of Bavarian Succession between Prussia and Austria, death of Voltaire, death of Carl von Linne (Linnaeys) the Swedish botanist, death of Thomas Augustine Arne the English composer, death of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Revolution American colonies sign treaties with France and Holland, Americans reject British peace offer, Washington defeats British at Monmouth NJ, French fleet arrives off DE, British conquer Savannah GA, - William Pitt the Elder Earl of Chatham dies, Indian massacres at Wyoming PA and Cherry Valley NY, War of Bavarian Succession begins (1 year), Warren Hastings takes Chandernagore Bengal, Fanny Burney writes novel, Herder publishes collection of folk songs, Voltaire writes, G.L.L. Buffon writes, J.A. Deluc writes about morals, death of Italian etcher and sculptor Giambattista Piranesi, death of English composer Thomas Augustine Arne, Beethoven (age 8) presented by father as six year old prodigy, La Scala in Milan opened, Mozart composes ballet, James Cook discovers Hawaii, Franz Mesmer practices medical mesmerism in Paris, Smeaton experiments with improved diving bell, Act of Congress prohibits import of slaves into US, Joseph Bramah from Yorkshire constructs improved water closet, Parisian women wear lightning rods in their hats, French join war against British, start of trousers replacing breeches
1779 Black Canadian pioneer Jean-Baptist-Point du Sable establishes trading post later Chicago, Karim Khan, dictator of S Persia dies, Dutch farmers in Cape Colony clash with organized Xhosa resistance, Captain Cook beaten to death by Hawaii islanders, Volcano in Japan erupts, murder of English navigator and explorer James Cook, Dec 1 - Delaware River freezes in Philadelphia, PA and remains frozen until March, marking "Hard Winter of 1779-80", death of French painter Jean Chardin, death of English composer William Boyce, death of English actor David Garrick, death of German artist Anton Raphael Mengs, British attack French Senegal in W Africa and gain Goree, British surrender to Americans at Vincennes, Peace of Teschen ends War of Bavarian Succession, French forces take St. Vincent and Grenada in W Indies, Spain declares war on Britain Siege of Gibraltar, US Congress dispatches force into Wyoming valley PA against Indians, British war against Mahrattas in India, death of English actor David Garrick, Samuel Johnson writes about lives of poets, Lessing writes verse drama, Sheridan writes farce, Wieland writes romantic poem, David Hume writes about natural religion, Canova sculpts Daedalus and Icarus, death of French painter Jean Baptiste Simeon Chardin, death of English cabinetmaker Thomas Chippendale, James Gillrays first cartoons appear, Houdon creates Moliere sculpture, death of German painter and critic Anton Raphael Mengs, J.C. Bach composes opera, Gluck composes, James Rennel creates Bengal Atlas, Spallanzani proves semen necessary for fertilization, first childrens clinic in London, The Derby established at Epsom racetrack in Surrey first winner Diomed, Pope Pius VI begins draining Pontine Marshes, first velocipedes appear in Paris, First running of The Oaks (horse racing), Suurveld Wars in S. Africa, First cast-iron bridge in Britain
1780 Hurricane hits Martinique and Barbados, Joseph II co-ruler of Austria with his mother Maria Theresa becomes sole ruler on her death, Revolt of Tupac Amaru in Peru begins, Cyclone in Barbados, eruption in Japan, Massachusetts Constitution written, death of French architect Jacques Germain Soufflot, death of French philosopher Etienne Bonnot de Condillac
Jan - General Washington and troops stalled in major snowstorm at Morristown NY, "The Hard Winter" of 1780 freezes over New England as far south as NY and NJ, death of Empress Maria Theresa of Austria, death of Italian painter Bernardo Canaletto, Henry Grattan demands Home Rule for Ireland, House of Commons affirms principle of periodic scrutiny of Civil List, Revolution Charleston SC surrenders to British, French troops arrive at Newport RI Americans defeated at Camden NJ, British army defeated at Kings mountain NC, Benedict Arnolds plot to surrender West Point is revealed, Gordon riots in London (No Popery), Serfdom abolished in Bohemia and Hungary, Outbreak of Second Mysore War for four years, Rebellion in Peru against Spanish rule, Pitt the Younger enters Parliament, Matthias Claudius writes, Frederick the Great writes, Catholic population of England reaches 70,000, death of Etienne Bonnot de Condillac the French philosopher, Gatano Filangieri writes about the science of legislation, J.S. Copley paints Death of Chatham, Sir Joshua Reynolds paints Mary Robinson as Perdita, death of French architect Jacques Germain Soufflot, Spanish dance bolero invented by dancer Sebastiano Carezo, Sebastien Erard makes first modern pianoforte in Paris, Hayde creates symphony, Giovanni Paisello composes in St. Petersburg, Karl Ditters von Dittersdorf writes Job oratorio, Circular saw invented by Gervinus, Felice Fontana produces water gas, American Academy of Sciences founded at Boston, Scheller constructs first fountain pen, British Gazette and Sunday Monitor first Sunday newspapers appear in London, Iran quake kills 200000, PA enacts gradual emancipation law, Lemuel Haynes preaches in CT, the first black preacher of a mostly white congregation, Tupac Amaru revolts in Peru
1781 LA founded with 44 settlers (26 African-Americans), Militant Tijaniyya Islamic order set up in Algeria, Cornwallis surrenders at Yorktown, Jan - Storm sinks British ships on New England coast, death of German author Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, death of Danish poet Johannes Ewald, Revolution British defeated at Cowpens NC and Eutaw NC, Americans at Guilford CT, end of land operations with the British capitulation at Yorktown and evacuation of Charleston and Savannah, - Dutch settlement at Negapatam Madras captured by British, Warren Hastings deposes Rajah of Benares plunders treasure of the Nabob of Oudh, Rousseau writes, Schiller writes drama, Clarendon Press at Oxford established, Franciscan monks settle at Los Angeles, Joseph II grants patent of religious tolerance and freedom of press in Austria, Kant writes work of modern philosophy, Moses Mendelssohn writes about the Jews, Pestalozzi states educational aims, David paints Belisarius, Haydn composes, Johann Adam Hiller establishes Gewandhaus Concerts at Leipzig, Mozart composes opera, Herschel discovers Uranus (hee hee), Composition of mineral tungsten discovered by Scheele, Peter Beckford publishes Thoughts on Hunting, First Building Society established in Birmingham ENG, Serfdom abolished in Austrian dominions, Construction of Siberian highway begun, British surrender in Yorktown, Kant's "Critique of Pure Reason"
1782 Beginning of reign of Rama I in Thailand Chakri dynasty, end of revolt of Tupac Amaru in Peru, deathof Metastasio the famous opera librettist, death of Italian castrato Farinelli (Carlo Broschi), death of English painter Richard Wilson, death of Charles Lee English-born American Revolutionary general noted for criticism of Washington, end of British war against Mahrattas in India, Spanish capture Minorca from British, Revolution Thomas Grenville sent from London to Paris to open peace talks with Benjamin Franklin preliminaries accepted by Britain and America, Treaty of Salbai ends Mahratta war, Spanish completes conquest of Florida, British Admiral Howe relieves Gibraltar, Tippo Sahib succeeds Hyder Ali in Mysore, Rama I founds new dynasty in Siam makes Bangkok his capital, Fanny Burney writes, William Copwer writes poems, Herder writes about the spirit of Hebrew poetry, Pope Pius VI in Vienna fails to persuade Joseph II to rescind program of tolerance, Joseph Priestly writes about corruptions in Christian history, Royal Irish Academy in Dublin founded, Dugald Stewart writes about philosophy and psychology, Girolamo Tiraboschi writes History of Italian Literature, Canova creates monument to Pope Clement XIV, Guardi paints Fetes for the Grand Duke Paul of Russia in Venice, death of J.C. Bach, Mozart composes opera, Montgolfer brothers construct air balloon, James Watt invents double-acting rotary steam engine, Bank of North America established in Philadelphia, Josiah Wedgwood develops pyrometer for checking temperature in pottery furnace, 4 year-old British girl hung for being in the company of Gypsies, George Washington creates Order of the Purple Heart, James Watt invents double-acting steam engine in Scotland
1783 Iceland eruption of Laki leads to cooler weather worldwide and 9000 dead, Severe five-year famine begins in Japan, Russian government annexes Crimea, William Pitt the Younger becomes Prime Minister of England until 1801, Treaty of Paris recognizes US independence, Italian earthquake kills 35 to 50k, eruption in Japan Mt. Asama kills 1151, death of Johann Jakob Bodmer the Swiss-German writer and historian, death of German composer Johann Adolf Hasse, death of Japanese poet Yokai Yagu, death of English landscape designer Lancelot Capability Brown, death of French mathematician and chemist Jean le Rond dAlembert, death of James Otis the American patriot, death of French author Louis Florence dEpinay, end of siege of Gibraltar between Spanish and English, Revolution Britain and America proclaim cessation of arms, Peace of Versailles, Great Britain recognizes independence of the US, Joseph II enforces German language in Bohemia, William Pitt forms ministry, famine in Japan, Potemkin conquers the Crimea for Russia, William Blake makes poetical sketches, George Crabbe writes poem, Schiller writes, death of Japanese poet Yokai Yagu, death of Swiss philologist Johann Jakob Bodmer, William Herschel writes about the motion of the solar system in space, Kant writes about metaphysics, Moses Mendelssohn writes plea for freedom of conscience, Charles Simeon begins evangelical movement at Cambridge, J.L. David paints Grief of Andromache, Beethovens first works printed, John Broadwood patents piano petals, Mozart creates Mass in C minor, Copper cylinder for calico printing by Henry Bell, Jouffroy dAbbans sails a paddle-wheel steamboat on the Saone River, death of French mathematician and encyclopedist Jean le Rond dAlembert, Horace de Saussure invents hair hygrometer, death of Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler, Montgolfier brothers ascend in fire balloon at Annonay, Bank of Ireland founded, Civil marriage and divorce in Austrian dominions, Society of the Cincinnati elite American rebolutionary group founded, MA abolishes slavery with the Quok Walker case, Blacks disenfranchised in MD, Slave James Derham buys freedom, eventually setting up medical practice in New Orleans, Society of the Cincinnati founded, Russia annexes Crimea, First French hot air balloon, Webster publishes "American Spelling" book
1784 RI and CT pass gradual-emancipation laws, 11 year Drought in W Central AFR and S AFR begins, US begins to trade with China, death of English author Samuel Johnson, death of Scottish painter Allan Ramsay, death of French philosopher Denis Diderot, end of second Mysore War, Treaty of Constantinople Turkey agrees to Russian annexation of the Crimea, British peace treaty with Tippoo Sahib of Mysore, Thomas Jeffersons land ordinance passed, Joseph II abrogates constitution in Hungary suppressing feudal rights, Pitts India Act East India Company under government control, Beaumarchais writes The Marriage of Figaro comedy, Schiller writes drama, First Anglican bishop in the colonies, Bengal Asiatic Society (study of Sanskrit) founded by William Jones, Bernardin de Saint-Pierre writes, Herder writes about philosophy of history, Kant writes about universal history and common sense, William Mitford writes history of Greece, John Wesleys Deed of Declaration starts the charter of Wesleyan Methodism, Brighton Pavilion built for Prince Regent by John Nash, Goya paints Don Manuel de Zuniga, Reynolds paints Mrs. Siddons as the Tragic Muse, first political cartoons by Thomas Rowlandson, death of Wilhelm Friedmann Bach, Andre Gretry creates opera in Paris, Salieri composes opera in Paris, Swiss inventor Aime Argand designs oil burner, English mathematician George Atwood determines acceleration of free-falling body, Joseph Bramah constructs first patent lock, English ironmaster Henry Cort introduces pudding process for manufacture of wrought iron, Goethe discovers human intermaxillary bone, Scottish millwright Andrew Meikle invents threshing machine, first balloon ascent in England by Vincent Lunardi, First school for the blind in Paris, Boston Sentinel appears, Serfdom abolished in Denmark, India Act solidifies British rule, Wright Iron in Britain, Holland outlaws orange clothing
1785 Omani rulers reassert influence in Zanzibar, end of rule of Warren Hastings as governor of India, Comte la Perouse leads expedition to Pacific, death of English actress Kitty Clive, death of French sculptor Jean Baptiste Pigalle, death of Italian artist Giovanni Battista Cipriani, Warren Hastings resigns of Governor-General of India and returns to England, Der Furstenbund (League of German Princes) formed by Frederick the Great against Joseph II, Diamond Necklace Affair in Versailles Marie Antoinette discredited and Cardinal de Rohan arrested, Commercial Treaty signed between Prussia and the US, Russians settle in Aleutian Isles, William Cowper writes, Rev. James Wilmot of Warwickshire identifies Francis Bacon as author of Sakespearian plays, Educational reforms in Germany by Johann Heinrich Campe, Kant writes about metaphysics and ethics, James Madisons religious freedom act abolishes religious tests in Virginia, William Paley writes about moral philosophy, Emerald Buddha chapel created in Bangkok, J.K. David paints The Oath of the Horatii, Houdon sculpts George Washington, Reynolds paints The Infant Hercules, death of Italian composer Baldassare Galuppi, Mozart creates sic Haydn string quartets, C.L. Berthollet invents chemical bleaching, Salsano creates seismograph for meaduring earthquakes, James Watt and Matthew Boulton install steam engine with rotary motion in cotton-spinning factory at Papplewick Nottinghamshire, Blanchard and Jeffries cross English channel in a balloon, Daily Universal Register (later The Times) begun by John Walter, British power loom invented
1786 Death of Frederick the Great of Prussia, Virginia Statute of Religious Liberty written by Jefferson, death of Moses Mendelssohn the German-Jewish philosopher, death of German chemist Karl Wilhelm Scheele, death of American Revolutionary War general Nathaniel Greene, Lord Cornwallis made Governor-General of India, Annapolis convention under Madison and Hamilton, Rajah of Kedah cedes Penang to Great Britain, Frederick the Great dies succeeded by nephew Frederick William II, Rebellion of Daniel Shays in MA, Berlin Court Theater opens, John Bourgoyne writes play, Burger writes, Robert Burns writes poetry start of popularity, Goethes Italian journey, Musaus writes German fairy tales, death of Jewish-German philosopher Moses Mendelssohn, Mennonites form Central Europe settle in Canada, Goya designs The Seasons tapestries, death of master cabinetmaker from England George Hepplewhite, Hoppner paints A Lady, Sir Joshua Reynolds paints The Duchess of Devonshire, Ditters von Dittersdorf composes comic opera, Mozart composes The Marriage of Figaro in Vienna, death of German composer Carl Maria von Weber, Georges Buffon writes about birds, William Herschel writes catalogue of the nebulae, M.H. Klaproth the German chemist discovers Uranium, American inventor Ezekiel Reed makes nail-making machine, K.W. Scheele the Swedish chemist dies, Balmat and Paccard first climb Mont Blanc, American inventor James Rumsey designs first mechanically driven boat, Earliest attempts at internal gas lighting in Germany and England, Charleston SC Golf Club founded, Mozart's "The Marriage of Figaro"
1787 Free African Society founded as civil rights organization, Tuaregs, Sahara nomads, abolish Moroccan pashalik of Timbuktu, Turkey fights Russia to regain the Crimea, US Constitution, Voyage of Lt. William Bligh in the Bounty to the Pacific, Northwest Ordinance written, US Constitution written, death of Alphonsus di Liguori the Italian Catholic philosopher, death of Italian painter Pompeo Batoni, death of English painter Arthur Devis, death of German composer Christoph Willibald Gluck, death of Leopold Mozart the musician, Austrian Netherlands declared province of Hapsburg monarchy, Catherine II visits the Crimea sees Potemkins artificial villages in passing, New York Assembly imposes duties on foreign goods PA convention meets to frame a constitution US Constitution signed and Federal governments established, PA admitted to statehood, Parlement of Paris demands summoning of States-General King Louis XVI declares that they will be summoned July 1792, Turkey declares war on Russia, Beaumarchais writes comedy, Jacques-Henri Bernardin de Saint-Pierre writes French idyll, Goethe writes, Johann Heinse writes German novel, Schiller writes, John Adams writes defense of US constitution, Jeremy Bentham writes defense of Usury, Imperial Russian Dictionary written, James Madison writes about vices of US political system, death of Italian painter Pompeo Batoni, Sir Joshua Reynolds paints Lady Heathfield, Tischbein paints Goethe on the Ruins in the Roman Campagna, Luigi Boccherini made court composer in Berlin, death of composer Gluck, Mozart writes Don Giovanni in Prague, Ernst Chladni experiments with sound patterns on vibrating plates, American inventor John Fitch launches steamboat on Delaware River, Lavoisier writes about nomenclature chimique, Horace de Saussure reaches summit of Mont Blanc and takes weather observations, Dollar currency introduced in the US, English settlement founded for freed slaves in Sierra Leone, Marylebone Cricket Club founded and moved to Lords cricket ground, Daniel Shays leads rebellion of 2000 farmers protesting unfair conditions, Louis XVI dismisses Assembly of notables, US Constitutional Convention, Ottobah Cugoana's book "Thoughts and Sentiments on Slavery"
1788 French author de Balzac born, End of five year famine in Japan, Comte la Perouse, French navigator, lost at sea, Usuman dan Fodio stirs holy war against Hausa king in Africa, African Association founded in England to explore interior of Africa, Sweden attacks Russia, First British convicts shipped to Botany Bay Australia, death of French painter Maurice Quentin de Latour, death of Bachs second son Karl Philipp Emanuel Bach, death of German composer and organist Jophann Gottfried Muthel, death of Prince Charles Edward Stuart the Young Pretender, death of English painter Thomas Gainsborough, death of Italian jurist Gaetano Filangieri, Parlement of Paris presents lists of grievances Louis XVI decides to call States-General for May 1789 and recalls Jacques Necker as Minister of Finance, death of Charles Edward Stuart the Young Pretender, Austria declares war on Turkey, British parliamentary motion for abolition of slave trade, U.S. constitution ratified by New Hampshire becomes 9th state, New York declared federal capital of the US, George IIIs first attack of mental illness regency crisis in England, Trial of Warren Hastings for maladministration in India, Goethe writes tragedy, Friendship between Goethe and Schiller, death of German religious philosopher Georg Johann Hamann, Kant writes Categorical Imperitave, John Lempriere creates Classical Dictionary, Hannah More writes about manners, Brandenburger Tor in Berlin built by C.G. Langhaus, David paints Love of Paris and Helena, death of French painter Maurice Quentin de Latour, death of English painter Thomas Gainsborough, death of K.P.E. Bach, Mozatr creates three great symphonies, James Hutton creates new theory of the earth, Marquis Pierre Dimon de Laplace writes laws of planetary system, Bread riots in France, First German cigar factory opened in Hamburg, First hortensia and fuchsia imported to Europe from Peru, M.C.C. codifies laws of cricket, Londons The Times created (see 1785), Battle of Karansebes Austrian forces accidentally begin firing at each other 10,000 casualties,
1789 Outbreak of French Revolution, Conspiracy of Tiradentes in Brazil revolt in gold mines, Washington serves as president of US, crew of the Bounty mutinies and puts LT. Bligh out to sea and they settle on Pitcairn Islands, Cyclone hits India, death of German composer Franz Xavier Richter, death of German painter Johann Heinrich Tischbein, King George III of England recovers, First US Congress meets in New York George Washington inaugurated with John Adams vice Jefferson Sec of State, Hamilton = Treasury and US declare themselves an economic and customs union, French revolution States-General meet at Versailles, Third Estate declares itself the National Assembly decides not to withdraw until constitution is drawn, Mirabeau emerges as national figure three estates unite King dismisses Necker Paris mob storms the Bastille Lafayette becomes commander of National Guard abolition of French feudal system Declaration of the Rights of Man king and court move from Versailles to Paris French royalists begin to emigrate National Assembly decides on nationaliszation of church property members forbidden to accept office under Louis XVI issue of assignats (paper money) in France, Austrians take Belgrade, Austrian Netherlands declare independence as Belgium, Abdul Hamid I dies and nephew Selim III becomes Sultan of Turkey, William Blake writes, Goethe writes tragedy, Kalidasas Sakuntala translated into English, Jeremy Bentham writes about morals and legislation, death of French philosopher P.H.D. Holbach, E.J. Sieyes writes, Franois Gerard paints Joseph and His Brothers, Charles Burney complests history of music, Gretry writes opera, Aloisio Galvanis experiments on muscular contractions of dead frogs, Antoine Jussieu writes modern classification of plants, PA State U created from Philadelphia academy, Chrysanthemums introduced from Orient to Britain, First steam-driven cotton factory in Manchester, death of unbeaten racehorse Eclipse, debate journal founded in Paris, Tammany founded as benevolent institution but soon becomes political, Eclipse over U.S., Freed slave Olaudah Equiano publishes biography, James Madison proposes Bill of Rights, Declaration of the Rughts of Man by Emmanual Joseph Sieyes adopted in France, George Washington becomes President, French revolution begins with storming of Bastille, Blake's "Songs of Innocence" published
1790 First census included 757,208 blacks (19.3%) (59,557 free), End of reign of Sidi Mohammed of Morocco, Treaty between Sweden and Russia, revolt in Haiti against French rule led by Toussaint LOuverture, Lt. Bligh of the Bounty returns to England, Drought, famine and cannibalism in India, death of Benjamin Franklin, death of Scottish heroine Flora MacDonald, death of German pedagogue John Bernhard Basedow, death of English poet laureate Thomas Warton, death of Emperor Joseph II, William Pitt refuses to recognize Belgium independence, death of Joseph of Austria and Leopold II rules, US Funding Bill introduced by Alezander Hamilton, Poland cedes Thorn and Danzig to Prussia, Reichenbach Conference between Austria and Prussia, Reichenbach Conference between Austria and Prussia, British alliance with the Nizam of Hyderabad, Festival of Champ de Mars in Paris Louis XVI accepts the constitution, Austrians in Brussels suppress Belgian revolution, death of Benjamin Franklin, Third Mysore War begins (2 years), Philadelphia becomes federal capital of US, Robert Burns writes Tam OShanter, Royal Literary Fund initiated by David Williams, death of German pedagogue J.B. Basedow, Edmund Burke writes about French revolution, Andre de Chenier writes about France, Jews in France granted civil liberties, Kant writes philosophy, First Roman Catholic bishop consecrated in America John Carroll of Baltimore, death of French artist Charles Nicolas Cochin, Guardi paints Gondola on the Lagoon in Venice, Mozart writes opera in Venice, first musical competition in America, James Bruce writes about trying to find source of the Nile, Building of Firth-Clyde and Oxford-Birmingham canals begins, Goethe writes, Lavoisier writes table of 31 elements, First steam-powered rolling mill built in England, Alexander Raditcheff writes plea for emancipation of serfs in Russia, Washington D.C. founded, English naval officer George Vancouver explores US west coast, death of Adam Smith the Scottish political economist, First session of US Supreme Court in the US, Burke's "Reflections on the revolution in France"
1791 Canada Act divides Canada into upper and lower, Drought, famine and cannibalism in India Skull Famine, Bill of Rights written and ratified, French annex papal states, Quebec splits, riots in England over French revolution, French royal family captured, death of John Wesley founder of Methodism, death of French sculptor Etienne Maurice Falconet, death of English writer Hester Chapone, death of French Revolutionist Comte de Mirabeau, death of Mozart age 35, Mirabeau elected president of French Assembly and dies, Louis XVI tries to leave France with his family but is caught at Varennes and is returned to Paris, Massacre of the Champ de Mars in Paris, French National Assembly dissolves, Vermont becomes state, Canada Constitutional Act divides the country into Upper and Lower Canada, Negro slaves revolt in French Santo Domingo, Odessa founded, M.J. de Chenier publishes plays, Goethe is named director of Weimar Court Theater, death of Christian Schubart the German poet and musician, Boswell writes Life of Johnson, Herder writes philosophy, Thomas Paine writes Rights of Man in response to French Revolution, Philippe Pinel writes philosophy, death of John Wesley founder of Methodism, Karl Langhans creates Brandenburg Gate in Berlin, George Momrland of Englaind paints The Stable, Augustin Pajoy sculpts Psyche Abandoned, Cherubini writes opera in Paris, Haydn writes Surprise symphony, First performance of Mozarts Magic Flute, Mozart dies (age 35), Waltz becomes fashionable in England, William Bartram writs about travels in the Carolinas, John Sinclair writes Statistical Account of Scotland, Bank of North America founded, The Observer founded in London, death of Prince Potemkin the favorite of Empress Catherine II, Wilberforces motion for abolition of slave trade carries through Parliament, London School of Vetrinary Surgery founded, First general strike in Hamburg, English Stud Book published for first time, Alexander Hamilton begins affair with Mrs. Reynolds, nearly leading to his political demise, Haitian revolutionary Toussaint-LOuverture leads successful slave revolt in St. Dominique, Paine publishes Rights of Man, Claude and Ignace Chappe invent semaphore, U.S. Bill of Rights, French national assembly creates constitution
1792 1200 ex-slaves, formerly of Nova Scotia, settle Freetown, Sierra Leone, End of reign of Louis XVI of France, Chinese army marches into Nepal, Sheikh Mohammed Ibn Abdul Wahhab, founder of Saudi Arabia, dies, Russia defeats Turkey in attempt to regain Crimea, eruption and tsunami in Japan - Mt. Unzen erupts (6th deadliest eruption, death of English general and dramatist John Burgoyne, death of English painter Joshua Reynolds, death of Scottish architect Robert Adam, death of American revolutionary naval officer John Paul Jones, end of Third Myosore War, death of Leopold II of Austria, Peace of Jassy ends war between Russia and Turkey, death of Leopold II of Austria succeeded as HRE by his son Francis II, Girondists form ministry in France mob invades Tuileries revolutionary Commune established Legislative Assembly suspended royal family imprisoned French Republic proclaimed and revolutionary calendar come into force Jacobins under Danton seize power trial of Louis XVI first guillotine in Paris, Gustavus III assassinated in Stockholm Opera House succeeded as King of Sweden by Gustavus IV, France declares war on Austria Prussia and Sardinia Prussian and Austrian invaders are stopped at Battle of Valmy French troops cross Rhine take Brussels and conquer Austrian Netherlands, Kentucky becomes US state, Denmark becomes first nation to abolish slave trade, Political parties firm in US Republican under Jefferson and Federalist under Hamilton, Baptist Missionary Society founded in London, J.B. Cloots writes about the universal republic, Fichte writes, Thomas Paine writes, Mary Wollstonecraft writes about the Rights of Women, Irish-American architect begins the White House, death of English painter Joshua Reynolds, death of Scottish architect Robert Adam, Beethoven becomes Haydns pupil in Vienna, Domenico Cimarosa writes comic opera, C.J. Rouget de Lisle composes, Worlds first chemical society founded in Philadelphia, French engineer Claude Chappe invents mechanical semaphore signal, Arthur Young writes about travels in France, Illuminating gas used in England for first time, Libel Act passes in Britain, Dollar coinage minted in US, David Mendoza an English Jew becomes first scientific boxer and first champion, Austria and Prussia invade France, Wollstonecraft's "Vindication of the Rights of Women"
1793 Trinidad captured from Spanish in Caribbean, First free British settlers reach Australia, Eruption in Java, death of Benetian dramatist Carlo Goldoni, death of Italian painter Francesco Guardi, death of Charles Bonnet the Swiss entomologist, execution of Mme. Du Barry the mistress of Louis XV, death of French revolutionist Jean Paul Marat, death of King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, Louis XVI executed, Committee of Public Safety established in France with Danton as its head, Reign of Terror begins in France, Marat murdered by Charlotte Corday, Robspierre and St. Just join Committee of Public Safety, Roman Catholicism banned in France, Queen Marie Antoinette ececuted, Philippe Egalite the Duke of Orleans executed, Napoleon takes Toulon, First Coalition against France formed, HRE declares war on France, US proclaims neutrality in French revolution, French troops driven out of Germany, Second Partition of Poland, death of Venetian Dramatist Goldoni, Marquis de Sade writes French novel about philosophie dans le boudoir, death of French philosopher Charles Bonnet, J.B. Cloots writes, Compulsory public education in France from age 6, M.J. Condorcet writes about the human spirit, The Feast of Reason in St. Eustache Church in Paris, William Godwin writes about political justice, Kant writes about religion within the world of reason, Canova sculpts Cupid and Psyche, Building of the Capitol win Washington DC by Thornton, David paints Murder of Marat in France, death of Venetian painter Francesco Guardi, Louvre in Paris becomes national art gallery, Paganini makes debut as violin virtuoso in Genoa age 11, Lermadec Islands near New Zealand discovered, Sir Alexander Mackenzie first crosses Canada from coast to coast, Eli Whitney invents the cotton gin, Board of Agriculture established in Britain, US law compels escaped slaves to return to owners, Cotton gin, Fugitive Slave Law passed, Jacobin Constitution of France adopted, Jean-Pierre Blanchard begins first manned balloon trip in US, Louis XVI killed, Jacobian Reign of Terror in France, Eli Whitney invents cotton gin in US
1794 Congress outlaws slave exportation, PA Bethel AME (African Methodist Episcopal Church) founded, Aga (Agha) Mohammed founds Kajar dynasty and unites Persia, Mt. Vesuvius erupts, death of Scottish poet Alison Cockburn, death of James Bruce Scottish Explorer, death of Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben German general in American Revolution, death of Ramon de la Cruz the Spanish dramatist, death of Italian author Girolamo Tiraboschi, death of English historian Edward Gibbon, death of French chemist Antoine Laurent Lavoisier, death of German author Gottfries August Burger, death of French revolutionist Maximilien de Robespierre, death of French revolutionist George Jacques Danton, death of French revolutionist Camille Desmoulins, death of French poet Andre de Chenier by execution, *** France Danton and Desmoulins executed followed by mass executions, Feast of the Supreme Being in Paris, The COmmine of Paris abolished, Robespierre and St. Just executed, Jacobin Club closed, Rising of Political patriots under T.A. Kosciusko suppressed by Russians, Habeas Corpus Act suspended in Britain, Whiskey Insurrection in PA, 11th Amendment to US Constitution, death of Prussian general Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben, U.S. Navy established, William Blake writes, death of Spanish dramatist Ramon de la Cruz, Drury Lane Theater in London reopened, Goethe writes satirical poem, Xavier de Maistre writes, Jean Paul writes, death of French philosopher and mathematician Condorcet, Erasmus Darwin writes about the laws of Organic life, Fichte writes, death of English historian Edward Gibbon, Thomas Paine writes The Age of Reason, Goya paints Procession of the Flagellants, John Trumbell paints The Declaration of Independence, Auld Lang Syne written by Burns and published, early American opera Tammany or the Indian Chief written by Hewitt, Antoine Laurent Lavoisier the French chemist executed, Adrien Legendre writes about geometry, First telegraph made between paris and Lille, slavery abolished in French colonies, Ecole Normale founded in Paris, Ecole Polytechnique the worlds first technical college opens in Paris, End of Jacobian Reign of Terror
1795 Drought in AFR ends after 11 years, death of Stanislav Poniatowski, last king of Poland, British seize Cape Colony from Dutch, Scotish explorer Mungo Park travels through Gambia, France overruns Netherlands, creates dependent Dutch republic, death of German engraver John Christopher Smith, death of French author Jean-Jacques Barthelemy
Aug - hurricane drives Spanish fleet (1 vessels) onto Cape Hatteras, death of Ezra Stiles the US Scholar and president of Yale, death of Josiah Wedgewood the English pottery manufacturer, death of Okyo the Japanese painter, death of Scottish author James Boswell, death of Swedish poet Carl Michael Bellmann, death of Italian adventurer Cagliostro, Bread Riots and White Terror in Paris, Third French Constitution enacted vesting power in the Directory, Napoleon appointed commander in chirf in Italy, Secret treaty between Austria and Russia for Third Partition of Poland Joined by Prussia, Third Partition of Poland, King Stanislas II abdicated, Dutch surrender Ceylon to the British, Warren Hastings acquitted of high treason, Luxembourg capitulated to France, French occupy Mannheim and Belgium Austria signs armistice with French, British forces occupy Cape of Good Hope, Treaty of San Lorenzo between US and Spain settle boundary with Florida and gives US right to navigate the Mississippi, death of Swedish poet Carl Michael Bellmann, death of writer James Boswell, Goethe writes, Robert Southey writes poems, J.H. Voss writes epic idyll, Freedom of worship in France, Kant writes, A.J. Carstens paints Night With Her Children in Denmark, Goya paints The Duchess of Alba, death of Japanese painter Okyo, Sir John Soane begins building Bank of England in London, Beethoven composes piano trios, Haydn completes 12 London symphonies, Paris Conservatoire de Musique founded, Joseph Bramah invents hydraulic press, Institut National in Paris replaces abolished academies, Mungo Park explores Niger River, Franois Appert designs preserving jar for foods, First horse-drawn railroad in England, Metric system adopted in France, Speenhamland Act for poor relief in Britain wages supplemended by dole, death of English porcelain maker Josiah Wedgwood, Beethoven begins to compose, Directory rules France, France adopts SI (metric) system, Keats born
1796 Boston African Society founded for mutual aid, Death of emperor Qinglong of Qing dynasty in China ends period of rebellions, death of Catherine the Great of Russia, Scottish explorer Mungo Park reaches Niger, Emperor Qianlong of China relinquishes power but still directs government until 1799, Vaccination discovered, Papal monopoly broken in Italy by Napoleons troops, Jews allowed to be full citizens of Italy during Napoleons rule, George Washingtons Farewell Address, princess Charlotte of Britain born potential future queen, death of Scottish philosopher Thomas Reid, death of Catherine the Great of Russia, death of Scottish poet James Macpherson, death of Chi-en Leung the Emperor of China, death of Scottish poet Robert Burns, Napoleon marries Josephine de Beauharnais assumes command in Italy defeats Austrians at Lodi enters Milan establishes Lombard Republic and Cispadane Republic and defeats Austrians at Arcol, Reancois Babeuf fails in plot to restore Constitution of 1793, General Jean Moreau crosses Rhine, General J.B. Jourdan invades Germany and is defeated at Amberg and Wurzburg and resigns his command, TN becomes US state, George Washington refuses third term and delivers farewell address, John Adams defeats Jefferson who becomes vice president, British capture Elba, Spain declares war on Britain, death of Empress Catherine II of Russia son Paul I rules, Agha Mohammed of Persia seizes Khurasan in Khuzistan and makes Teheran his capital, death of Kau-Tsung the great Manchu Emperor of China succeeded by Kia-King, Fanny Burney writes, death of author Robert Burns, August Wilhelm Iffland becomes director of Berlin National Theater, Thomas Morton writes comedy, Jean Paul writes, L Tieck writes novel, Wirdsworth writes tragedy, Louis de Bomald writes about religion and politics, Jean Jacques Cambaceres writes political work that became basis of Napoleonic Code, Fichte writes, Joseph de Maistre writes about France, death of Scottish common sense philosopher Thomas Reid, Richard Watson writes Apology for the Bible, John Bacon creates memorial at St. Pauls Cathedral in London, Goya paints Los Caprichos, Edward Savage creates The Washington Family paintings, William Tell opera by Benjamin Carr nalled The Archers of Switzerland, G.L.C. Cuvier founds the science of comparative zoology, G.W. Hufeland writes about macrobiotics as an art to prolong life, English physician Edward Jenner introduces vaccination against smallpox, J.T. Lowitz prepares pure ethyl alcohol, First edition Brockhaus Konversations Lexikon appears in Leipzig, Population of China reaches 275 million, Edict of Peking forbids import of opium into China, Freedom of press in France, Royal Technical College in Glasgow founded, Sweden Doda Fallet (Dead Falls) when workers try to cut a channel to bypass a waterfall, nature took it over and eroded the ground this drained the lake above it completely, French battle under Napoleon - takes Italy, China - Jia Qing becomes emperor, represses White Lotus Society, Papal monopoly broken in Italy by Napoleons troops, Jews allowed to be full citizens of Italy during Napoleons rule
1797 End of George Washingtons presidency, Earthquake in Ecuador/Peru kills 4100, Italian earthquake, earthquake in Sumatra kills 300 estimated at 8.4, death of English statesman Horace Walpole, death of English geologist James Hutton, death of Edmund Burke English author and statesman, death of Frederick William II, Napoleon defeats Austrians at Rivoli takes Mantua and advances through the Tirol to Vienna, Preliminary peace treaty between Austria and France signed at Leoben, Napoleon proclaims Venetian Constitution founds the Ligurian Republic in Genoa and unites Cisalpine with Sicpadane Republic, Peace of Campo Formio between France and Austria, Napoleon appointed to command forces for invasion of England arrives in Paris, Talleyrand becomes French Foreign Minister, Paul Barras prevents royalist reaction in coup detat of 18 Fructidor (Sep 4), Final treaty of Polish partition, Nelson and Jervis defeat Spanish fleet at Cape St. Vincent naval mutiny at Spithead, John Adams inauguration, Marquis Wellesley appointed Governor General of India, death of Frederick William II succeeded as King of Prussia by son Frederick William III the husband of Queen Louise, Fath Ali becomes Shah of Persia, death of British statesman Edmund Burke, Samuel Taylor Coleridge writes Kubla Khan, Ugo Foscolo writes tragedy, Goethe writes poem, Friedrich Holderlin writes, Ann Radcliffe writes, August Wilhelm von Schlegel begins Shakespeare translation, Chateaubriand writes about the French revolution, Kanat writes about metaphysics, Schelling writes about philosophy, Wackenroder and Tieck writes romantic religious essays, William Wilberforce writes about religion, Thorvaldsen settles in Rome, Turner paints Millbank Moon Light in England, Cherubini writes opera in Paris, Haydn composes, Thomas Bewick writes book on British Birds, J.L. Lagrange writes about analytical functions, Henry maudslay invents carriage lathe, German astronomer HWM Olbers publishes method of calculating orbits of comets, Nicolas de Saussure writes about chemicals and vegetation, French chemist LN Vawuelin discovers chromium, England begins to export iron, First copper pennies minted in England and first one-pound notes issued, John MacArthur introduces Merino sheep to Australia, Franz Schubert of Austria
1798 Wolfe Tone organizes Irish revolt against English rule, Strait between Australia and Tasmania navigated, Rising of United Irishmen against British fails and some leaders executed, death of Italian adventurer and author Casanova,
Nov - 18 inches of snow marks beginning of "Long Winter of 1798-09", death of Stanislas II Poniatowski the last independent King of Poland, death of Italian physiologist Luigi Galvani, French capture Rome proclaim Roman Republic Pope Pius VI leaves the city for Valence, Lemanic Republic proclaimed in Geneva, Helvetian Republic proclaimed in Bern, France annexes left bank of Rhine, French expedition to Egypt, Malta seized by French, Alexandria occupied by French, Battle of the Pyramids makes Napoleon master of Egypt, Horatio Nelson destroys French fleet in Abukir Bay, French force lands in Ireland byt fails to invade the country, King Ferdinand IV of Naples declares war on France and enters Rome, French recapture the city and overrun Kingdom of Naples, Treaty of Hyderabad between Britain and the Nizam, death of last King of Poland Augustus Stanislas II, Charles Brockden Brown writes, Ugo Foscolo writes, Kotzebue writes play for London, Wordsworth and Coleridge write, T.R. Malthus writes regarding population, German inventor Aloys Senefelder invents lithography, death of Italian adventurer Cassanova, Johann Cotta publishes, Income tax of 10 percent of all incomes over 200 pounds introduced in Britain as wartime measure, Irish emigration to Canada begins, Federalists pass Alien and Sedition acts, Napoleon invades Egypt, British Jenner invents smallpox vaccine, Wordsworth and Coleridge publish "Lyrical Ballads" malthus publishes "Essay on the Principle of Population"
1799 Ranjit Singh founds Sikh kingdom in Punjab, India, Major civil war in Tonga, death of Italian mathematician and philosopher Maria Gaetana Agnesi, death of Italian dancer Barberina Campanini, death of French dramatist Pierre Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais, death of George Washington, death of Patrick Henry, death of German critic and aphorist Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, Napoleon advances into Syria organizes Parthenopean Republic in Piedmont begins siege of Acre which he abandons two months later defeats Turks at Abukir leaves Egypt and lands at Frejus overthrows the Directory and appoints Talleyrand Foreign Minister and becomes Consul, Austria declares war on France and defeats French army at Stockach Magnano and Zurich and is defeated at Bergen-op-Zoom, French defeat at Cassano ends the Cisalpine Republic Russians enter Turin, Britain joins Russo-Turkish alliance, Kingdom of Mysore divided between Britain and Hyderabad, Joseph Fouche appointed French Minister of Police, death of George Washington, death of Beaumarchais, death of German author Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, Novalis writes, Schiller writes trilogy, Schlegel writes, Church Missionary Society founded in London, Fichte writes, Herder writes attacking Kant and Fichte, death of Pope Pius VI, J.F. Saint-Lambert writes about catechism, Schlegel writes, Schliermacher writes about religion, U of Cologne and Mainz founded, J.L. David paints Rape of the Sabine Women, Beethoven composes, death of Italian dancer Barberina Campanini, death of Austrian composer Karl Ditters von Dittersdorf, Haydn writes oratorio, Egyptian Institute founded at Cairo, Mungo Park writes Travels in the Interior of Africa, Pestalozzis school in Burgdorf Switzerland opened, Rosetta Stone found near Rosetta Egypt, Russian government grants monopolu of reade in AK to Russia-American Company, InSiberia a perfectly preserves mammoth is found, Napoleon takes power in Paris, End of French Directory rule, rise of the Sikhs under Ranjit Singh in N India, French historians find Rosetta Stone in Egypt
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