PEACH

History

1821

Population: 1.07 Billion*

Archaeology: Champollion desciphers Egyptian heiroglyphics using Rosetta Stone
Entertainment: Writers include James Feinmore Cooper, Goethe, William Hazlitt, Heinrich Heine, Manzoni, Thomas de Quincey Confessions of an English Opium Eater, Scott Kenilworth, Shelley Adonais, George Grote (Parliamentary reforms), Hegel (philosophy), James Mill (economy), Saint-Simon (industrial system)
Art includes Constable "Hay Wain"
Using model by Thorvaldsen the Swiss sculptor Lucas Ahorn finishes Lucerne Lion Monument
Music includes Weber (opera), Beethoven
Science: Faraday discovers fundamentals of electromagnetic rotation
TJ Seebeck discovers thermoelectricity
Sir Charles Wheatstone demonstrates sound reproduction
Deaths: Poet John Keats (age 26), Napoleon Bonaparte, Queen Caroline of England, Author Joseph de Maistre

General: New Spain splits - independence movement begins
Brazil: King John of Portugal names son Pedro ruler
Confederation of the Equator (tribes of northern Brazil) forms to 1824
Costa Rica: Declares indepencence from Spain
El Salvador: Declares indepencence from Spain
Guatemala: Declares indepencence from Spain
Mexico: Independence - end of revolutions
Agustin I declared emperor to 1823
Texas remains under Mexican rule
Nicaragua: Declares indepencence from Spain
Panama: Declares indepencence from Spain
Peru: Jose de San Martin wins independence from Spain after invading from Chile
Santo Domingo: Declares indepencence from Spain
Venezuela: Independence confirmed - Simon Bolivar defeats Spanish army at Carabobo

General: Congress of Laibach opens – Austria agrees to send troops to Naples to suppress revolt
France: Death of Napoleon on St. Helena in south Atlantic
Ecole des Chartes founded in Paris for historical studies
German States: Concordat between Vatican and Prussia
Great Britain: King George IV coronated – most expensive in history at 500,000 pounds – Queen Caroline excluded
England emerges as only world power
Parliament grants Queen Caroline an annuity of 50,000 pounds
Death of Queen Caroline
London Co-operative Society founded
"Manchester Guardian" founded by JE Taylor
Monster of Glamis (deformed member of the Bowes-Leon family) born in Scotland – seemed to be deformed dwarf – may have died 1921 and kept in secret room
Greece: Greek War of Independence starts against Turks until 1829 - "Reign of Terror"
Italian States: Revolution in Piedmont – Victor Emmanuel abdicates - names his brother Charles Felix as successor – the intervening Austrian army victorious at Novara
Russia: Czar stops interest in Western Hemisphere
Spain: Yellow Fever outbreak

Ottoman Empire: Reign of Terror begins as Turks suppress Greek independence to 1829
Persia and Turkey war to 1823
Persia: War with Turkey to 1823